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があり36),CPAP のまれな,重篤な合併症として,気胸,気脳,眼圧の上昇,鼓膜の破裂,大量の鼻出血,顔面部外傷後の症例で皮下気腫などが報告されており37),これらのNPPV,CPAP の合併症の報告より気道に,外傷,手術などにより他の部位との交通がある場合,抗凝固薬使用例などが注意を要すると考えられる. 文献1)Richards GN, Cistulli PA, Ungar RG, et al: Mouth leak with nasal continuous positive airway pressure increases nasal airway resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 182-186. 2)Lellouche F, Maggiore SM, Lyazidi A, et al: Water content of delivered gases during non-invasive ventilation in healthy subjects. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 987- 995. 3)Jaber S, Chanques G, Matecki S, et al: Comparison of the effects of heat and moisture exchangers and heated humidifiers on ventilation and gas exchange during non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 1590-1594. 4)Lellouche F, Maggiore SM, Deye N, et al: Effect of the humidification device on the work of breathing during noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 1582-1589. 5)Nava S, Cirio S, Fanfulla F, et al: Comparison of two humidification systems for long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 460-464. 6)Esquinas Rodriguez AM, Scala R, Soroksky A, et al: Clinical review: humidifiers during non-invasive ventilation: key topics and practical implications. Crit Care 2012; 16: 203. 7)Schettino GP, Chatmongkolchart S, Hess DR, et al: Position of exhalation port and mask design affect CO2 rebreathing during noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2178-2182. 8)Tsuboi T, Ohi M, Kita H, et al: The efficacy of a customfabricated nasal mask on gas exchange during nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 152-156. 9)Navalesi P, Costa R, Ceriana P, et al: Non-invasive ven- tilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: helmet versus facial mask. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 74-81. 10)Fraticelli AT, Lellouche F, L’ her E, et al: Physiological effects of different interfaces during noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 939-945. 11)Saatci E, Miller DM, Stell IM, et al: Dynamic dead space in face masks used with noninvasive ventilators: a lung model study. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 129-135. 12)Ferguson GT, Gilmartin M: CO2 rebreathing during BiPAP ventilatory assistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1126-1135. 13)Contal O, Vignaux L, Combescure C, et al: Monitoring of noninvasive ventilation by built-in software of home bilevel ventilators: a bench study. Chest 2012; 141: 469- 476. 14)Rabec C, Georges M, Kabeya NK, et al: Evaluating noninvasive ventilation using a monitoring system coupled to a ventilator: a bench to bedside study. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 902-913. 15)Ohi M, Chin K, Hirai M, et al: Upper airway function and non-intubated, assisted ventilation. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1990; 28: 35-40. 16)Parreira VF, Jounieaux V, Aubert G, et al: Nasal twolevel positive-pressure ventilation in normal subjects. Effects of the glottis and ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1616-1623. 17)Parreira VF, Delguste P, Jounieaux V, et al: Glottic aperture and effective minute ventilation during nasal twolevel positive pressure ventilation in spontaneous mode. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1857-1863. 18)Meyer TJ, Pressman MR, Benditt J, et al: Air leaking through the mouth during nocturnal nasal ventilation: effect on sleep quality. Sleep 1997; 20: 561-569. 19)Elliott MW: The interface: crucial for successful noninva- sive ventilation. Eur Resoir J 2004; 23: 7-8. 20)Appendini L, Patessio A, Zanaboni S, et al: Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and mask pressure support during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1069-1076. 21)Dempsey JA, Skatrud JB: A sleep-induced apneic threshold and its consequences. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 1163-1170. 22)Meza S, Mendez M, Ostrowski M, et al: Susceptibility to periodic breathing with assisted ventilation during sleep in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1929-1940. 23)Tsuboi T, Oga T, Machida K, et al: Importance of ventilator mode in long-term noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Respir Med 2009; 103: 1854-1861. 24)British Thoracic Society standards of care committee: Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Thorax 2002; 57; 192-211. 25)Schonhofer B, Geibel M, Sonneborn M, et al: Daytime mechanical ventilation in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2840-2846. 26)Mehta S, Hill NS: Noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 540-577. 27)De Keulenaer BL, De Backer A, Schepens DR, et al: Abdominal compartment syndrome related to noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1177-1181. 28)Choo-Kang LR, Ogunlesi FO, McGrath-Morrow SA, et al: Recurrent pneumothoraces associated with nocturnal