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List of figures

Figure 1 Central illustration ............................................................. 10 Figure 2 Heart failure stages and classifications ......................... 17 Figure 3 New nomenclature for heart failure therapies ........... 18 Figure 4 Diagnostic algorithm for chronic heart failure presenting in the outpatient or community setting ................... 23 Figure 5 Major contributing causes of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction .................................................................. 26 Figure 6 Major risk factors of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction .................................................................................. 27 Figure 7 Multiparametric approach to aetiology assessment in heart failure .............................................................................................. 28 Figure 8 Diagnosis of heart failure due to ischaemic aetiology 29 Figure 9 Diagnosing arrhythmia-associated heart failure and heart failure with abnormal cardiac conduction ......................... 31 Figure 10 Indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure .......................................................................................... 40 Figure 11 Diagnosing decompensated heart failure .................. 43 Figure 12 Phases and goals for in-hospital management of decompensated heart failure ........................................................... 45 Figure 13 Initial management of decompensated heart failure 46 Figure 14 Tools used for assessment of decongestion during the pre-discharge phase ................................................................ 47 Figure 15 Management of decongestion ...................................... 49 Figure 16 Triage and timely referral of patients with advanced heart failure .......................................................................................... 53 Figure 17 INTERMACS classification ............................................. 55 Figure 18 Treatment for advanced heart failure ........................ 56 Figure 19 Management of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure ................................................................................ 61 Figure 20 Management of secondary mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ....... 63 Figure 21 Core members of the heart failure team with expanded team members depending on patient needs and local availability ................................................................................... 70 Figure 22 Long-term follow-up of patients with stable heart failure—what—when—who ............................................................... 73 Figure 23 Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis in heart failure patients .......................................................................... 76 Abbreviations and acronyms 18F-FDG-PET 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ACC American College of Cardiology ACE-I Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ACHD Adult congenital heart disease AF Atrial fibrillation AHA American Heart Association AL-CA Immunoglobulin light chain cardiac amyloidosis AMT Additional medical therapy APO Acute pulmonary oedema ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker ARNI Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor ARVC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ASV Adaptive servo-ventilation ATTR Transthyretin amyloidosis ATTR-CA Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis BMI Body mass index BNP B-type natriuretic peptide CA Cardiac amyloidosis CABG Coronary artery bypass grafting CAD Coronary artery disease CI Confidence interval CIED Cardiac implantable electronic device CKD Chronic kidney disease CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure CPET Cardiopulmonary exercise testing CRT Cardiac resynchronization therapy CRT-D Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator CRT-P Cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker CS Cardiogenic shock CSA Central sleep apnoea CSP Conduction system pacing CT Computed tomography CTCA Computed tomography coronary angiography CV Cardiovascular CVD Cardiovascular disease DCM Dilated cardiomyopathy DHF Decompensated heart failure DPD 3,3-Diphosphono-1,2propanodicarboxylic acid ECG Electrocardiogram ECLS Extracorporeal life support ECV Extracellular volume eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate ESC European Society of Cardiology FITT Frequency, intensity, time, type FMT Foundational medical therapy GDIT Guideline-directed interventional therapy GDMT Guideline-directed medical therapy GFR Glomerular filtration rate GIP Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide GLP-1 RA Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist HCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HF Heart failure HFA Heart Failure Association HFH Heart failure hospitalization HF-MDT Heart failure multidisciplinary team HFmrEF Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction HR Hazard ratio Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehag100/8766302 by guest on 31 August 2026