p.3 抽出テキスト

4.3. Clinical presentations of myocarditis ............................................. 3971 4.3.1. Chest pain presentation .............................................................. 3971 4.3.2. Heart failure presentation ........................................................... 3973 4.3.3. Presentation with arrhythmias .................................................. 3973 4.3.4. Sudden cardiac death .................................................................... 3973 4.3.5. Presentation of myocarditis with a potential genetic background .................................................................................................... 3973 4.4. Clinical stages of pericarditis ............................................................. 3973 4.4.1. Acute pericarditis ............................................................................ 3973 4.4.2. Subacute pericarditis ..................................................................... 3976 4.4.3. Chronic pericarditis ....................................................................... 3976 4.5. Clinical presentations of pericarditis .............................................. 3976 4.5.1. Dry pericarditis ................................................................................ 3976 4.5.2. Effusive pericarditis ........................................................................ 3976 4.5.3. Effusive–constrictive pericarditis .............................................. 3976 4.5.4. Pericarditis with cardiac tamponade ...................................... 3976 4.5.5. Constrictive pericarditis ............................................................... 3977 4.5.6. Transient constrictive pericarditis ........................................... 3978 4.5.6.1. Constrictive pathophysiology ........................................... 3978 4.5.7. Pericarditis with polyserositis .................................................... 3979 4.5.8. Inflammatory vs non-inflammatory pericarditis ................. 3979 4.5.8.1. Inflammatory phenotype of pericarditis ....................... 3979 4.5.8.2. Non-inflammatory phenotype of pericarditis ............ 3979 5. Diagnosis and diagnostic work-up ............................................................ 3979 5.1. Electrocardiogram .................................................................................. 3980 5.2. Biomarkers ................................................................................................ 3980 5.2.1. Biomarkers in clinical routine .................................................... 3980 5.2.2. Biomarkers beyond clinical routine ........................................ 3980 5.3. Genetics ...................................................................................................... 3981 5.4. Multimodality imaging ........................................................................... 3982 5.5. Echocardiography ................................................................................... 3982 5.5.1. Echocardiography in myocarditis ............................................. 3982 5.5.2. Echocardiography in pericarditis .............................................. 3982 5.6. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance ............................................... 3983 5.7. Computed tomography ....................................................................... 3983 5.8. Nuclear medicine ................................................................................... 3984 5.9. Endomyocardial and pericardial biopsy ........................................ 3984 5.9.1. Endomyocardial biopsy ................................................................ 3984 5.9.2. Pericardial biopsy ............................................................................ 3986 5.10. Role of autopsy .................................................................................... 3986 5.11. Role of cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography 3986 5.12. Electro-anatomical mapping ............................................................ 3987 6. Therapy ................................................................................................................ 3987 6.1. Non-pharmacological therapy for inflammatory myopericardial syndrome ............................................................................ 3987 6.2. Pharmacological therapy ..................................................................... 3987 6.2.1. Pharmacological therapy for myocarditis ............................. 3987 6.2.1.1. General principles .................................................................. 3987 6.2.1.2. Fulminant myocarditis .......................................................... 3989 6.2.1.3. Acute myocarditis .................................................................. 3989 6.2.1.4. Subacute and chronic myocarditis .................................. 3990 6.2.2. Pharmacological therapy for pericarditis .............................. 3990 6.2.2.1. General principles .................................................................. 3990 6.2.2.1.1. Acute pericarditis (first episode) ............................ 3990 6.2.2.2. Incessant and recurrent pericarditis .............................. 3990 6.3. Interventional techniques including circulatory support ....... 3993 6.3.1. Myocarditis ........................................................................................ 3993 6.3.1.1. Short-term mechanical circulatory support ............... 3993 6.3.1.2. Intra-aortic balloon pump .................................................. 3993 6.3.2. Pericarditis ......................................................................................... 3993 6.3.2.1. Pericardiocentesis and pericardial drainage ................ 3993 6.3.2.2. Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy .......................... 3994 6.3.2.3. Intrapericardial drug administration ............................... 3994 6.3.2.4. Pericardioscopy ....................................................................... 3994 6.3.2.5. Pericardial fluid analysis, pericardial and epicardial biopsy .......................................................................................................... 3994 6.3.2.6. Circulatory support .............................................................. 3994 6.4. Surgical therapy ....................................................................................... 3994 6.4.1. Myocarditis ........................................................................................ 3994 6.4.2. Pericarditis ......................................................................................... 3994 6.4.2.1. Surgical pericardiocentesis ................................................. 3994 6.4.2.2. Pericardiotomy/pericardial window ............................... 3994 6.4.2.3. Pericardiectomy ...................................................................... 3995 6.5. Management of arrhythmias and prevention of sudden cardiac death in myocarditis ....................................................................... 3995 6.5.1. Role of active devices (wearable and implanted devices) in acute myocarditis ........................................................................................ 3996 7. Prognosis ............................................................................................................. 3996 7.1. Complications and outcomes for myocarditis .......................... 3996 7.1.1. Sequela and mortality in myocarditis ..................................... 3997 7.1.2. Follow-up ........................................................................................... 3997 7.2. Complications and outcomes for pericarditis ........................... 3998 8. Inflammatory myopericardial syndrome overlapping types: myopericarditis and perimyocarditis ............................................................ 3999

8.1. Inflammatory myopericardial syndrome in systemic disorders ............................................................................................................. 4000 8.1.1. Rheumatoid arthritis ..................................................................... 4000 8.1.2. Systemic lupus erythematosus .................................................. 4000 8.1.3. Antiphospholipid syndrome ....................................................... 4000 8.1.4. Sjögren’s syndrome ........................................................................ 4000 8.1.5. Systemic sclerosis ........................................................................... 4000 8.1.6. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis .......................................... 4000 8.1.7. Vasculitis ............................................................................................. 4000 8.2. Inflammatory myopericardial syndrome in COVID-19 disease .................................................................................................................. 4000 9. Specific types of myocarditis ....................................................................... 4001 9.1. Lymphocytic myocarditis .................................................................... 4001 9.1.1. Presentation ...................................................................................... 4001 9.1.2. Diagnosis and therapy .................................................................. 4001 9.2. Eosinophilic myocarditis ...................................................................... 4001 9.2.1. Presentation ...................................................................................... 4001 9.2.2. Diagnosis ............................................................................................ 4001 9.2.3. Therapy ............................................................................................... 4001 9.3. Giant-cell myocarditis ........................................................................... 4001 9.3.1. Presentation ...................................................................................... 4002 9.3.2. Diagnosis ............................................................................................ 4002 9.3.3. Therapy ............................................................................................... 4002 9.4. Myocarditis in sarcoidosis ................................................................... 4003 9.4.1. Presentation ...................................................................................... 4003 9.4.2. Diagnosis ............................................................................................ 4003 9.4.3. Therapy ............................................................................................... 4003 9.5. Specific infectious myocarditis (Viruses, Lyme, Chagas) ....... 4004 9.5.1. Viruses ................................................................................................. 4004 9.5.1.1. Presentation ............................................................................. 4004 9.5.1.2. Diagnosis .................................................................................... 4004 9.5.1.3. Therapy ...................................................................................... 4004 Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/46/40/3952/8234483 by guest on 07 October 2026