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List of figures

Figure 1 Central illustration: from diagnosis to treatment, a holistic multidisciplinary peripheral arterial and aortic diseases approach .. 3549 Figure 2 Estimated specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease, by sex, in people aged 40 years and older ................................................. 3558 Figure 3 Main risk factors associated with atherosclerosis in peripheral arterial and aortic diseases ......................................................... 3559 Figure 4 Haemodynamic assessment of peripheral arterial disease 3561 Figure 5 Anatomy and aortic segments and upper normal values for aortic dimensions .................................................................................................. 3563 Figure 6 Conventional measurements of the aorta at different levels by echocardiography or duplex ultrasound (A, B, C), cardiovascular computed tomography or cardiovascular magnetic resonance (D, E, F) ......................................................................................... 3564 Figure 7 Cardiovascular risk modification and healthy lifestyle interventions and targets in patients with peripheral arterial and aortic diseases ........................................................................................................ 3569 Figure 8 Cardiovascular risk in patients with peripheral arterial disease 3575 Figure 9 Diagnostic algorithm for peripheral arterial disease ............ 3576 Figure 10 Optimal medical treatment in patients with peripheral arterial disease ........................................................................................................ 3578 Figure 11 Treatment algorithm in peripheral arterial disease without wounds ................................................................................................................................ 3579 Figure 12 Treatment algorithm in peripheral arterial disease with wounds ...................................................................................................................... 3580 Figure 13 Exercise training characteristics and benefits in patients with peripheral arterial disease ....................................................................... 3581 Figure 14 Long-term antithrombotic therapy in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease .......................................................... 3583 Figure 15 Patients with chronic symptomatic PAD after endovascular revascularization ........................................................................ 3584 Figure 16 Management of acute limb ischaemia ...................................... 3589 Figure 17 North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial/European Carotid Surgery Trial methods ....................................... 3591 Figure 18 Algorithm of carotid artery stenosis management ............ 3593 Figure 19 Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for renal artery stenosis ...................................................................................................................... 3599 Figure 20 Algorithm of chronic mesenteric ischaemia management 3601 Figure 21 Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms: aetiology, screening and diagnostic methods ................................................................. 3604 Figure 22 Classification of thoracoabdominal and abdominal aortic aneurysms ................................................................................................................ 3605 Figure 23 Risk factors for thoracic and abdominal aneurysm rupture 3606 Figure 24 Surveillance of patients with non-heritable thoracic aortic disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms ...................................... 3608 Figure 25 Peri-operative algorithm for the management of patients with surgically treated aortic root and ascending aortic aneurysm 3610 Figure 26 Algorithm for individual decision-making process in the treatment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm ...................... 3614 Figure 27 Algorithm for follow-up after thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, and management of endoleaks and their classification 3616 Figure 28 Anatomical and temporal classification of acute aortic syndrome .................................................................................................................. 3619 Figure 29 Aortic dissection classification system based on the 2020 Society for Vascular Surgery/Society of Thoracic Surgeons Reporting Standards and the European update of the Stanford classification—Type Entry Malperfusion classification .......................... 3620 Figure 30 Multiparametric diagnostic work-up of acute aortic syndrome .................................................................................................................. 3621 Figure 31 Medical management of acute aortic syndrome ................. 3623 Figure 32 Complications in acute aortic syndromes, clinical evidence associated with malperfusion syndrome, and in-hospital mortality associated with these complications ............................................................ 3625 Figure 33 Interventional treatment algorithm in acute aortic dissection .................................................................................................................. 3626 Figure 34 Mechanisms and clinical management of aortic branch obstruction in acute aortic dissection .......................................................... 3627 Figure 35 High-risk features in penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer and management of patients with type B penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer ............................................................................................................................ 3632 Figure 36 Classification and treatment of traumatic aortic injuries 3634 Figure 37 Aetiology, risk factors, and classification of iatrogenic aortic injuries .......................................................................................................... 3635 Figure 38 Algorithm for follow-up after acute aortic syndrome ..... 3636 Figure 39 Algorithm for genetic and imaging screening in patients with thoracic aortic disease .............................................................................. 3639 Figure 40 Algorithm for surveillance in women (≥15 years) with Turner syndrome .................................................................................................. 3640 Figure 41 Algorithm for imaging surveillance in patients with syndromic and non-syndromic heritable thoracic aortic disease ..... 3644 Figure 42 Suggested thresholds for prophylactic aortic root/ ascending replacement in Loeys–Dietz syndrome ................................. 3645 Figure 43 Bicuspid aortic valve, valvulo-aortopathy nomenclature . 3646 Figure 44 Criteria for significant coarctation/re-coarctation of the aorta and management algorithm .................................................................. 3649 Figure 45 Reported rate ranges of other localizations of atherosclerosis in patients with a specific arterial disease .................. 3650

Abbreviations and acronyms

18F–NaF Fluorine-18–sodium fluoride 6MWD Six-minute walking distance 6MWT Six-minute walk test AA Abdominal aorta AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm AAD Acute aortic dissection AAE Aortic adverse events AAL Ascending aortic length AAS Acute aortic syndrome ABI Ankle–brachial index ACAS Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study ACB Asymptomatic Cervical Bruit Study ACC/AHA American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ACS Acute coronary syndrome ACST Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial ACTA2 Alpha-actin gene AD Aortic dissection ADAM American Aneurysm Detection and Management ADD-RS Aortic dissection detection-risk score AF Atrial fibrillation AHI Aortic height index ALI Acute limb ischaemia AMI Acute mesenteric ischaemia AP Antero-posterior ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker ARR Absolute risk reduction ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ASE American Society of Echocardiography Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/45/36/3538/7738955 by guest on 07 October 2026