p.92 抽出テキスト
review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2020;368:m315. https://doi.org/10. 1136/bmj.m315 353. Graudal N, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jürgens G, Taylor RS. Dose-response relation between dietary sodium and blood pressure: a meta-regression analysis of 133 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;109:1273–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy384 354. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12:CD004022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 14651858.CD004022.pub5 355. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Naska A, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Blood pressure effects of sodium reduction: dose–response meta-analysis of experimental studies. Circulation 2021;143:1542–67. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.050371 356. Gupta DK, Lewis CE, Varady KA, Su YR, Madhur MS, Lackland DT, et al. Effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure: a crossover trial. JAMA 2023;330:2258 . https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2023.23651 357. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, et al. Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens 2009;27:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0b013e328316bb87 358. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med 2001;344:3–10. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200101043440101 359. MacGregor GA, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Singer DR, Cappuccio FP. Double-blind study of three sodium intakes and long-term effects of sodium restriction in essential hypertension. Lancet 1989;2:1244–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91852-7 360. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). JAMA 1998;279:839–46. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.279.11.839 361. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013; 346:f1325. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1325 362. Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Tikhonoff V, Seidlerová J, Richart T, et al. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA 2011;305:1777–85. https://doi.org/10. 1001/jama.2011.574 363. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, Rexhaj E, Siontis GCM, Seiler C, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42: 2103–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa947 364. Mente A, O’Donnell M, Rangarajan S, McQueen M, Dagenais G, Wielgosz A, et al. Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study. Lancet 2018;392: 496–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31376-x 365. Au Yeung SL, Schooling CM. Impact of urinary sodium on cardiovascular disease and risk factors: a 2 sample Mendelian randomization study. Clin Nutr 2021;40:1990–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.018 366. Zanetti D, Bergman H, Burgess S, Assimes TL, Bhalla V, Ingelsson E. Urinary albumin, sodium, and potassium and cardiovascular outcomes in the UK Biobank: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses. Hypertension 2020;75:714–22. https://doi.org/ 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14028 367. Nolan P, McEvoy JW. Salt restriction for treatment of hypertension—current state and future directions. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024;39:61–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/hco. 0000000000001098 368. Yuan Y, Jin A, Neal B, Feng X, Qiao Q, Wang H, et al. Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood pressure in elderly care facilities: a cluster-randomized trial. Nat Med 2023;29:973–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02286-8 369. Lechner K, Schunkert H. Recommendations on sodium intake for cardiovascular health: conviction or evidence? Eur Heart J 2020;41:3374–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ eurheartj/ehaa545 370. O’Donnell M, Mente A, Alderman MH, Brady AJB, Diaz R, Gupta R, et al. Salt and cardiovascular disease: insufficient evidence to recommend low sodium intake. Eur Heart J 2020;41:3363–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa586 371. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013;346:f1378. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1378 372. O’Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, McQueen MJ, Wang X, Liu L, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:612–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889 373. Wouda RD, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, de Borst MH, Hoorn EJ, et al. Sex-specific associations between potassium intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular outcomes: the EPIC-Norfolk study. Eur Heart J 2022;43:2867–75. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac313 374. Filippini T, Naska A, Kasdagli MI, Torres D, Lopes C, Carvalho C, et al. Potassium intake and blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9:e015719. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.015719 375. O’Donnell M, Yusuf S, Vogt L, Mente A, Messerli FH. Potassium intake: the Cinderella electrolyte. Eur Heart J 2023;44:4925–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad628 376. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:S1–290. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.03.006 377. Ndanuko RN, Ibrahim R, Hapsari RA, Neale EP, Raubenheimer D, Charlton KE. Association between the urinary sodium to potassium ratio and blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2021;12:1751–67. https://doi. org/10.1093/advances/nmab036 378. Messerli FH, O’Donnell M, Mente A, Yusuf S. Settling the controversy of salt substitutes and stroke: sodium reduction or potassium increase? Eur Heart J 2022;43: 3365–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac160 379. Yin X, Paige E, Tian M, Li Q, Huang L, Yu J, et al. The proportion of dietary salt replaced with potassium-enriched salt in the SSaSS: implications for scale-up. Hypertension 2023; 80:956–65. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20115 380. Xu X, Zeng L, Jha V, Cobb LK, Shibuya K, Appel LJ, et al. Potassium-enriched salt substitutes: a review of recommendations in clinical management guidelines. Hypertension 2024;81:400–14. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21343 381. Hanssen H, Boardman H, Deiseroth A, Moholdt T, Simonenko M, Kränkel N, et al. Personalized exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension: a consensus document from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the ESC Council on Hypertension. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:205–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa141 382. Van Hoof R, Hespel P, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Amery A. Effect of endurance training on blood pressure at rest, during exercise and during 24 hours in sedentary men. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:945–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(89)90145-8 383. MacDonald HV, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Livingston J, Forsyth KC, Kraemer WJ, et al. Dynamic resistance training as stand-alone antihypertensive lifestyle therapy: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003231. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha. 116.003231 384. Hansford HJ, Parmenter BJ, McLeod KA, Wewege MA, Smart NA, Schutte AE, et al. The effectiveness and safety of isometric resistance training for adults with high blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res 2021;44:1373–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-021-00720-3 385. Van Hoof R, Macor F, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Thijs L, Vanhees L, et al. Effect of strength training on blood pressure measured in various conditions in sedentary men. Int J Sports Med 1996;17:415–22. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972871 386. Leal JM, Galliano LM, Del Vecchio FB. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020;22:26. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11906-020-1030-z 387. Rossi A, Dikareva A, Bacon SL, Daskalopoulou SS. The impact of physical activity on mortality in patients with high blood pressure: a systematic review. J Hypertens 2012;30:1277–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283544669 388. Cuspidi C, Gherbesi E, Faggiano A, Sala C, Carugo S, Grassi G, et al. Masked hypertension and exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise: a review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023;13:1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061005 389. Mariampillai JE, Liestøl K, Kjeldsen SE, Prestgaard EE, Engeseth K, Bodegard J, et al. Exercise systolic blood pressure at moderate workload is linearly associated with coronary disease risk in healthy men. Hypertension 2020;75:44–50. https://doi.org/10. 1161/hypertensionaha.119.13528 390. Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:17–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605 391. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020;54:1451–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 392. Saco-Ledo G, Valenzuela PL, Ramírez-Jiménez M, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Blumenthal JA, et al. Acute aerobic exercise induces short-term reductions in ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension 2021;78:1844–58. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha. 121.18099 393. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I-M, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1334–59. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb 394. Edwards JJ, Deenmamode AHP, Griffiths M, Arnold O, Cooper NJ, Wiles JD, et al. Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2023;57:1317–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-106503 395. Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;128:873–934. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR. 0b013e31829b5b44 396. Craft BB, Carroll HA, Lustyk MK. Gender differences in exercise habits and quality of life reports: assessing the moderating effects of reasons for exercise. Int J Lib Arts Soc Sci 2014;2:65–76. ESC Guidelines 4003 Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/45/38/3912/7741010 by guest on 07 October 2026