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Figure 14 Summary of renovascular disease as a common form of secondary hypertension ..................................................................................... 3953 Figure 15 Summary of obstructive sleep apnoea as a common form of secondary hypertension ............................................................................... 3953 Figure 16 Physical activity according to different types of exercise and reduction of blood pressure and overall cardiovascular disease risk ............................................................................................................................... 3955 Figure 17 Effects of main lifestyle factors on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk reduction ........................................................................... 3956 Figure 18 Practical algorithm for pharmacological blood pressure lowering .................................................................................................................... 3960 Figure 19 Central Illustration ........................................................................... 3961 Figure 20 Systolic blood pressure categories and treatment target range ........................................................................................................................... 3965 Figure 21 Frailty assessment in the management of blood pressure 3972 Figure 22 Management of resistant hypertension .................................. 3981 Figure 23 Patient-centred care ....................................................................... 3986 Figure 24 The five dimensions of adherence (WHO, 2003) applied to hypertension ..................................................................................................... 3988

Abbreviations and acronyms

ABI Ankle–brachial index ABPM Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCORD Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACR Albumin:creatinine ratio AF Atrial fibrillation AHI Apnoea–hypopnoea index ALARA As low as reasonably achievable ALLHAT Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack AOBP Automated office blood pressure (measurement) ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker ARNi Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor ARR Aldosterone-to-renin ratio ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease BMI Body mass index BP Blood pressure BSA Body surface area CAC Coronary artery calcium CAD Coronary artery disease CCB Calcium channel blocker CHAP Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy CI Confidence interval CKD Chronic kidney disease CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure CPG Clinical Practice Guidelines CT Computed tomography CVD Cardiovascular disease DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension DBP Diastolic blood pressure DECIDE-Salt Diet, ExerCIse and carDiovascular hEalth–Salt EACTS European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery ECG Electrocardiogram eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ESC European Society of Cardiology ESH European Society of Hypertension ESPRIT Effects of intensive Systolic blood Pressure lowering treatment in reducing RIsk of vascular evenTs FMD-RVH Fibromuscular dysplasia-induced renovascular hypertension GFR Glomerular filtration rate GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 GP General practitioner HbA1c Glycated haemoglobin HBPM Home blood pressure monitoring HDL High-density lipoprotein HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HF(m)rEF Heart failure with (mildly) reduced ejection fraction HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HMOD Hypertension-mediated organ damage i.m. Intramuscular i.v. Intravenous KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes LA Left atrial LDL Low-density lipoprotein LV Left ventricular LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy MRA Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NNT Number needed to treat NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide OSAS Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome PPGL Phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma PREOP-ACEI Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Preoperative Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition PREMs Patient-Reported Experience Measures PROMS Patient-Reported Outcome Measures PTRA Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty PWV Pulse wave velocity RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RADIANCE-HTN A Study of the Recor Medical Paradise System in Clinical Hypertension RAS Renin–angiotensin system RCT Randomized controlled trial RVH Renovascular hypertension RWT Relative wall thickness SBP Systolic blood pressure SCORE2 Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 SCORE2-OP Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2–Older Persons SGLT2 Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 SNP Single-nucleotide polymorphism SNS Sympathetic nervous system SPC Single-pill combination SPRINT Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial SSaSS Salt Substitute and Stroke Study STEP Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in Elderly Hypertensive Patients STEP-1 Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with Obesity

ESC Guidelines                                                                                                                                                                                          3917

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