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Figure 4 Microbiological diagnostic algorithm in culture-positive and culture-negative infective endocarditis ........................................................ 3968 Figure 5 European Society of Cardiology 2023 algorithm for diagnosis of native valve infective endocarditis ........................................ 3972 Figure 6 European Society of Cardiology 2023 algorithm for diagnosis of prosthetic valve infective endocarditis ........................................................... 3973 Figure 7 European Society of Cardiology 2023 algorithm for diagnosis of cardiac device-related infective endocarditis ................... 3974 Figure 8 Phases of antibiotic treatment for infective endocarditis in relation to outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy and partial oral endocarditis treatment ....................................................................................... 3976 Figure 9 Flowchart to assess clinical stability based on the Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis trial ...................................................................... 3986 Figure 10 Proposed surgical timing for infective endocarditis ........... 3988 Figure 11 Surgery for infective endocarditis following stroke ........... 3996 Figure 12 Algorithm differentiating relapse from reinfection ............ 3998 Figure 13 Management of cardiovascular implanted electronic device-related infective endocarditis ............................................................ 4003 Figure 14 Concept of patient-centred care in infective endocarditis 4011

Abbreviations and acronyms

[18F]FDG 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose 99mTc-HMPAO 99mTechnetium-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome AEPEI Association for the Study and Prevention of Infective Endocarditis Study ANCLA Anaemia, NYHA class IV, critical state, large intracardiac destruction, surgery of thoracic aorta APLs Antiphospholipid syndrome AUC Area under the curve AVB Atrioventricular block AVN Atrioventricular node BCNIE Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis BMI Body mass index CAD Coronary artery disease CHD Congenital heart disease CI Confidence interval CIED Cardiovascular implanted electronic device CNS Central nervous system CoNS Coagulase-negative staphylococci CPB Cardio-pulmonary bypass CRT Cardiac resynchronization therapy CT Computed tomography CTA Computed tomography angiography DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DSA Digital subtraction angiography ECG Electrocardiogram EHRA European Heart Rhythm Association ESC European Society of Cardiology EUCAST European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing EURO-ENDO European Infective Endocarditis Registry HACEK Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella HF Heart failure HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HLAR High-level aminoglycoside resistance i.m. Intramuscular i.v. Intravenous ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ICE-PCS International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study ICU Intensive care unit IE Infective endocarditis Ig Immunoglobulin MALDI-TOF MS Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration MRA Magnetic resonance angiography MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MSSA Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus NBTE Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score NVE Native valve endocarditis NYHA New York Heart Association OPAT Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy PADIT Previous procedure on same pocket; Age; Depressed renal function; Immunocompromised; Type of procedure PALSUSE Prosthetic valve, age ≥70, large intracardiac destruction, Staphylococcus spp., urgent surgery, sex (female), EuroSCORE ≥10 PBP Penicillin-binding protein PCR Polymerase chain reaction PET/CT Positron emission tomography/computed tomography POET Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis (trial) PPV Positive predictive value PVE Prosthetic valve endocarditis PWID People who inject drugs RCT Randomized clinical trial RHD Rheumatic heart disease rRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score SLE Systemic lupus erythematous SOT Solid organ transplantation SPECT/CT Single photon emission tomography/computed tomography STS Society of Thoracic Surgeons TAVI Transcatheter aortic valve implantation TOE Transoesophageal echocardiography TPVI Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation TTE Transthoracic echocardiography WBC White blood cell WRAP-IT Worldwide Randomized Antibiotic Envelope Infection Prevention Trial Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/44/39/3948/7243107 by guest on 07 October 2026