p.3 抽出テキスト

5.5.2. The new 2023 European Society of Cardiology diagnostic algorithms ....................................................................................................... 3975 6. Prognostic assessment at admission ........................................................ 3975 7. Antimicrobial therapy: principles and methods .................................. 3975 7.1. General principles .................................................................................. 3975 7.2. Penicillin-susceptible oral streptococci and Streptococcus gallolyticus group .................................................................. 3977 7.3. Oral streptococci and Streptococcus gallolyticus group susceptible, increased exposure or resistant to penicillin ............. 3977 7.4. Streptococcus pneumoniae, β-haemolytic streptococci (groups A, B, C, and G) ................................................................................ 3979 7.5. Granulicatella and Abiotrophia (formerly nutritionally variant streptococci) ..................................................................................................... 3979 7.6. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci 3979 7.7. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci ................................................... 3979 7.8. Enterococcus spp. ..................................................................................... 3982 7.9. Gram-negative bacteria ........................................................................ 3983 7.9.1. Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella-related species .................................................................... 3983 7.9.2. Non-Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella species ................................................................. 3984 7.10. Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis ......................... 3984 7.11. Fungi .......................................................................................................... 3984 7.12. Empirical therapy ................................................................................. 3984 7.13. Outpatient parenteral or oral antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis ....................................................................................................... 3985 7.13.1. Parenteral and oral step-down antibiotic treatment .... 3986 7.13.2. Other considerations for outpatient oral or parenteral antimicrobial therapy ................................................................................. 3986 8. Indications for surgery and management of main infective endocarditis complications ............................................................................... 3987

8.1. Pre-operative risk assessment .......................................................... 3987 8.2. Heart failure .............................................................................................. 3987 8.2.1. Heart failure in infective endocarditis .................................... 3987 8.2.2. Indications and timing of surgery in the presence of heart failure in infective endocarditis .............................................................. 3989 8.3. Uncontrolled infection ......................................................................... 3989 8.3.1. Septic shock and persistent infection .................................... 3989 8.3.2. Locally uncontrolled infection ................................................... 3989 8.3.3 Indications and timing of surgery in the presence of uncontrolled infection ............................................................................... 3990 8.3.3.1. Persistent infection ................................................................ 3990 8.3.3.2. Locally uncontrolled infection .......................................... 3990 8.3.3.3. Infection with resistant or virulent organisms ........... 3990 8.4. Prevention of systemic embolism ................................................... 3990 8.4.1. Incidence of embolic events in infective endocarditis ..... 3990 8.4.2. Predicting the risk of embolism ................................................ 3990 8.4.3. Indications and timing of surgery to prevent embolism in infective endocarditis ................................................................................. 3990 9. Other complications of infective endocarditis .................................... 3991 9.1. Neurological complications ................................................................ 3991 9.1.1. The role of cerebral imaging in infective endocarditis .... 3992 9.2. Infective aneurysms ............................................................................... 3992 9.3. Splenic complications ............................................................................ 3992 9.4. Myocarditis and pericarditis ............................................................... 3993 9.5. Heart rhythm and conduction disturbances .............................. 3993 9.6. Musculoskeletal manifestations ........................................................ 3993 9.6.1. Osteoarticular infective endocarditis-related infections 3993 9.6.2. Rheumatological manifestations ............................................... 3994 9.7. Acute renal failure .................................................................................. 3994 10. Surgical therapy: principles and methods ........................................... 3994 10.1. Pre-operative and peri-operative management ...................... 3994 10.1.1. Coronary angiography ............................................................... 3994 10.1.2. Extracardiac infection ................................................................. 3995 10.1.3. Intra-operative echocardiography ......................................... 3995 10.2. Other intra-operative considerations ......................................... 3995 10.3. Surgical approach and techniques ................................................ 3995 10.3.1. Choice of valve prosthesis ....................................................... 3996 10.4. Timing of surgery after ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke 3997 10.5. Post-operative complications ......................................................... 3997 10.6. Management of antithrombotic therapy after surgery ........ 3998 11. Outcome after discharge: follow-up and long-term prognosis . 3998 11.1. Recurrences: relapses and reinfections ...................................... 3998 11.2. First year follow-up ............................................................................. 3999 11.3. Long-term prognosis .......................................................................... 3999 12. Management of specific situations ......................................................... 3999 12.1. Prosthetic valve endocarditis .......................................................... 3999 12.1.1. Definition and pathophysiology ............................................. 4000 12.1.2. Diagnosis .......................................................................................... 4000 12.1.3. Prognosis and treatment .......................................................... 4000 12.2. Endocarditis in the elderly ............................................................... 4000 12.3. Transcatheter prosthetic valve endocarditis ............................ 4001 12.3.1. Endocarditis following transcatheter aortic valve implantation ................................................................................................... 4001

12.3.1.1. Diagnosis ................................................................................. 4001 12.3.1.2. Prognosis and treatment .................................................. 4001 12.3.2. Endocarditis following transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation ................................................................................................... 4001 12.3.2.1. Diagnosis ................................................................................. 4002 12.3.2.2. Prognosis and treatment .................................................. 4002 12.4. Infective endocarditis affecting cardiac implantable electronic devices ............................................................................................ 4002 12.4.1. Definitions of cardiac device infections .............................. 4002 12.4.2. Pathophysiology and microbiology ....................................... 4002 12.4.3. Risk factors ..................................................................................... 4002 12.4.4. Prophylaxis ...................................................................................... 4002 12.4.5. Diagnosis .......................................................................................... 4002 12.4.6. Antimicrobial therapy ................................................................. 4004 12.4.7. Device extraction ......................................................................... 4004 12.4.8. Device reimplantation ................................................................ 4004 12.5. Infective endocarditis in patients admitted to intensive care units ...................................................................................................................... 4005 12.5.1. Causative microorganisms ....................................................... 4005 12.5.2. Diagnosis .......................................................................................... 4005 12.5.3. Management ................................................................................... 4005 12.6. Right-sided infective endocarditis ................................................. 4005 12.6.1. Diagnosis and complications ................................................... 4006 12.6.2. Endocarditis in people who inject drugs ............................ 4006 12.6.3. Prognosis and treatment .......................................................... 4006 12.6.3.1. Antimicrobial therapy ........................................................ 4006 Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/44/39/3948/7243107 by guest on 07 October 2026