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• Motivation and support of people with diabetes, such as: support to stop smoking; adopt a healthy diet; increase PA and exercise; manage other comorbidities, such as arthritis, renal failure, frailty, and cognitive impairment, which increase risk of drug interactions; and manage body weight, taking psychosocial factors into account.817–826 • Interdisciplinary teams comprising the person (including caregivers/ family), physicians, nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, pharmacists, physical activity specialists, and psychologists are effective for enhancing effective communication, collaboration, and preventing CVD.827,828 The most effective models of preventive care are those that adopt a total riskmanagement approach (i.e. those that address all of the risk factors that impact CV health) using behavioural counselling with action plans, education, comprehensive, goal-setting, and problem-solving approaches, and proven therapeutics supported by frequent followup, either face to face or by telephone and/or digital health interventions.820,829,830 Figure 21 summarizes the model of person-centred care approach for patients with diabetes with or without CVD, considering sex and cultural and socioeconomic factors. Person-centred care Family/caregivers Cultural, gender, physical, psychological, socioeconomic, spiritual perspectives Physicians, nurses, dietologists, psychologists, physiotherapists, etc Face-to-face meetings Telemedicine Persons with diabetes Interdisciplinary team Frequent follow-up Communication, relationship development, education, empowerment, support, holistic, comprehensive & problem-solving care, self-management Figure 21 Person-centred care approach for patients with diabetes with or without cardiovascular disease. ESC Guidelines 4109 Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/44/39/4043/7238227 by guest on 07 October 2026