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colour chart for risk of initiation of maintenance kidney replacement therapy .......................................................................................................................... 4099 Table 12 ‘What to do’ and ‘What not to do’ ............................................. 4113

List of figures

Figure 1 Management of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: clinical approach and key recommendations ........................ 4052 Figure 2 Diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes ........................................ 4058 Figure 3 Cardiovascular risk categories in patients with type 2 diabetes ........................................................................................................................ 4061 Figure 4 Simple guide to glycaemic targets in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease ................................................................. 4065 Figure 5 Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trial results of sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors among patients with type 2 diabetes with or at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ........................................................................................................................... 4066 Figure 6 Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (sensitivity analysis removing ELIXA). Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and its components ......................................................................................................... 4067 Figure 7 Glucose-lowering treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes to reduce cardiovascular risk based on the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease/severe target-organ damage and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk estimation via SCORE2-Diabetes ................................................................................................... 4070 Figure 8 Glucose-lowering treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to reduce cardiovascular risk .................................................................................................... 4071 Figure 9 Screening and diagnosis of hypertension in patients with diabetes ........................................................................................................................ 4073 Figure 10 Recommended low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol targets by cardiovascular risk categories in patients with type 2 diabetes ........................................................................................................................ 4075 Figure 11 Mechanisms contributing to altered platelet activation and atherothrombosis in patients with diabetes ................................................. 4078 Figure 12 Recommendations for antiplatelet therapy in patients with diabetes with acute or chronic coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting without indications for long-term oral anticoagulation .......... 4080 Figure 13 Assessment of lifestyle risk-factor components and stepwise lifestyle recommendations in patients with diabetes ............ 4083 Figure 14 Diagnostic algorithm for heart failure in patients with diabetes ........................................................................................................................ 4087 Figure 15 Absolute risk reduction with sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in relation to patient risk based on rate of heart failure-related endpoints in the placebo arm of the respective trials ......................................................................................................... 4092 Figure 16 Glucose-lowering treatment of patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes ................................................................................................. 4095 Figure 17 Screening for atrial fibrillation in patients with diabetes .... 4097 Figure 18 Pharmacological management to reduce cardiovascular or kidney failure risk in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease ........................................................................................................................... 4101 Figure 19 Absolute benefits and harms of sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients with and without diabetes .... 4102 Figure 20 Screening for and managing lower-extremity artery disease in patients with diabetes ....................................................................... 4105 Figure 21 Person-centred care approach for patients with diabetes with or without cardiovascular disease .......................................................... 4109 Abbreviations and acronyms

2hPG 2 h plasma glucose ABI Ankle–brachial index ABPM Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ACCORD Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ACE-I Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ACS Acute coronary syndrome ADA American Diabetes Association ADAPTABLE Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-Centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-term ADDITION Anglo-Danish-Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment In People with Screen Detected Diabetes in Primary Care ADJUNCT ONE The Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide as Adjunct Therapy to Insulin in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes ADVANCE Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation AF Atrial fibrillation ARB Angiotensin-II receptor blocker ARNI Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor ARR Absolute risk reduction ASA Acetylsalicylic acid ASCEND A Study of Cardiovascular Events iN Diabetes ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ATTACK Aspirin to Target Arterial Events in Chronic Kidney Disease b.i.d. Twice a day b.p.m. Beats per minute BANTING Evaluation of Evolocumab Efficacy in Diabetic Adults With Hypercholesterolemia/Mixed Dyslipidemia BARC Bleeding Academic Research Consortium BARI 2D Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes BERSON Safety and Efficacy of Evolocumab in Combination With Statin Therapy in Adults With Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia or Mixed Dyslipidemia BMI Body mass index BNP B-type natriuretic peptide BP Blood pressure CABG Coronary artery bypass graft CAC Coronary artery calcium CAD Coronary artery disease CANVAS Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study CARMELINA Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study With Linagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus CAROLINA Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes CCB Calcium channel blocker CCS Chronic coronary syndrome CGM Continuous glucose monitoring

ESC Guidelines                                                                                                                                                                                          4047

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