p.4 抽出テキスト

............................................................................................................................................................................. 4.6.4.4 Chronic kidney disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281 4.6.4.5 Familial hypercholesterolaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281 4.7. Blood pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281 4.7.1. Definition and classification of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.2. Blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.2.1 Office blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.2.2 Unattended automated office blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.2.3 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.2.4 Home blood pressure monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.3. Screening and diagnosis of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3283 4.7.3.1 White-coat and masked hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3284 4.7.4. Clinical evaluation and risk stratification in hypertensive patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3284 4.7.5. Treatment of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3285 4.7.5.1 Lifestyle interventions to lower blood pressure and/or reduce cardiovascular risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3285 4.7.5.2 Initiation of drug treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3285 4.7.5.3 Blood pressure treatment targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3285 4.7.5.3.1. Blood pressure targets according to ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3287 4.7.5.4 Drug treatment of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 4.7.6. Resistant hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 4.7.7. Management of hypertension in women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 4.7.8. Duration of treatment and follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 4.8. Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 4.8.1. Key risk factor concepts and newer paradigms . . . . . . . . . 3289 4.8.1.1 Lifestyle intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3289 4.8.1.2 Glycaemic control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3289 4.8.1.3 Newer diabetes mellitus drug classes: cardiovascular disease benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3290 4.8.2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3290 4.9. Antithrombotic therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3290 4.9.1. Antithrombotic therapy in individuals without atherosclerotic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291 4.9.2. Antithrombotic therapy in individuals with established atherosclerotic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291 4.9.3. Proton pump inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291 4.10. Anti-inflammatory therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291 4.11. Cardiac rehabilitation and prevention programmes . . . . . . . . 3292 5. Policy interventions at the population level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3292 5.1. Population-level approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.2. Specific risk factor interventions at the population level . . . . . 3293 5.2.1. Physical activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.2.2. Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.2.3. Smoking and tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.2.4. Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.3. Environment, air pollution, and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3293 5.3.1. Climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3294 5.4. Implications for public health policy and advocacy at the governmental and non-governmental level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3294 6. Risk management of disease-specific cardiovascular disease . . . . . 3294 6.1. Coronary artery disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3294 6.2. Heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3295 6.3. Cerebrovascular diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3296 6.4. Lower extremity artery disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3297 6.5. Chronic kidney disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3298 6.6. Atrial fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3298 6.7. Multimorbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3299 7. Key messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3299 8. Gaps in evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3302 9. ‘What to do’ and ‘what not to do’ messages from the guidelines . 3205 10. Quality indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3310 11. Supplementary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3310 12. Author information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3310 13. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3311 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3312

Recommendations

Recommendations for CVD risk assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3242 Recommendations for CVD risk estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3256 Recommendation for CVD risk communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3257 Recommendations for CVD risk modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3257 Recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk related to air pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3260 Recommendations for cardiovascular disease assessment in specific clinical conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3261 Recommendations for physical activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3268 Recommendations for nutrition and alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3269 Recommendations for body weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3272 Recommendations for mental healthcare and psychosocial interventions at the individual level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273 Recommendations for smoking intervention strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . 3273 Recommendation on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals . . . . 3276 Recommendations for pharmacological low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering for those <70 years of age (for recommendations for persons aged >_70 years, see respective recommendations tables) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3278 Recommendations for drug treatments of patients with hypertriglyceridaemia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3284 Recommendations for the treatment of dyslipidaemias in older people (>_70 years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3284 Recommendations for the treatment of dyslipidaemias in diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3284 Recommendations for lipid management in patients with moderatetosevere chronic kidney disease (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative stages 35) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3281 Summary of recommendations for the clinical management of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3282 Recommendations for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3288 Recommendations for antithrombotic therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3290 Recommendation for anti-inflammatory therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3291 Recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3292 Recommendations for policy interventions at the population level . . 3292 Recommendations for patients with coronary artery disease . . . . . . 3294 Recommendations regarding pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for patients with symptomatic (New York Heart Association class II-IV) heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%) with proven benefits on clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidity and mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3295 Recommendations for patients with cerebrovascular disease . . . . . . 3297 Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/34/3227/6358713 by guest on 07 October 2026