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2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice Developed by the Task Force for cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice with representatives of the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies With the special contribution of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) Authors/Task Force Members: Frank L.J. Visseren* (Chairperson) (Netherlands), Franc ̧ois Mach* (Chairperson) (Switzerland), Yvo M. Smulders† (Task Force Coordinator) (Netherlands), David Carballo† (Task Force Coordinator) (Switzerland), Konstantinos C. Koskinas (Switzerland), Maria B€ack (Sweden), Athanase Benetos8 (France), Alessandro Biffi7,10 (Italy), Jose ́-Manuel Boavida9 (Portugal), Davide Capodanno (Italy), Bernard Cosyns (Belgium), Carolyn Crawford (Northern Ireland), Constantinos H. Davos (Greece), Ileana Desormais (France), Emanuele Di Angelantonio (United Kingdom), Oscar H. Franco (Switzerland), Sigrun Halvorsen (Norway), F. D. Richard Hobbs13 (United Kingdom), Monika Hollander (Netherlands), Ewa A. Jankowska (Poland), Matthias Michal11 (Germany), Simona Sacco6 (Italy), Naveed Sattar (United Kingdom), Lale Tokgozoglu2 (Turkey), Serena Tonstad (Norway), Konstantinos P. Tsioufis5 (Greece), Ineke van Dis3 (Netherlands), Isabelle C. van Gelder (Netherlands), Christoph Wanner4 (Germany), Bryan Williams (United Kingdom), ESC Scientific Document Group * Corresponding authors: The two chairpersons contributed equally to the document. Frank Visseren, Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands. Tel: þ31 (0)88 7557324, E-mail: F.L.J.Visseren@umcutrecht.nl. Franc ̧ois Mach, Cardiology Department, Geneva University Hospital, Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Tel: þ41 (0)22 372 71 92, E-mail: francois.mach@hcuge.ch. † The two task force coordinators contributed equally to the document. Author/Task Force Member affiliations: listed in Author information. ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee (CPG): listed in the Appendix. Patient Forum The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC (journals.permissions@oup.com). Disclaimer: The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. 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For ermissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 ESC subspecialty communities having participated in the development of this document. Associations: Association of Cardiovascular Nursing & Allied Professions (ACNAP), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA). Councils: Council for Cardiology Practice, Council on Hypertension. Working Groups: Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 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