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............................................................................................................................................................................ Recommendations for participation in recreational/leisure-time sports in asymptomatic individuals with mitral regurgitation . . . . . . . . . 51 Recommendations for participation in competitive sports in asymptomatic individuals with mitral regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Recommendations for participation in recreational/leisure-time sports in individuals with mitral stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Recommendations for participation in competitive sports in asymptomatic individuals with mitral stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Recommendations for exercise and participation in sports in individuals with aortic pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Recommendations for exercise and sports participation in individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Recommendations for exercise and sports participation in individuals with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with myocarditis . . . . . . . 62 Recommendations for exercise and sports participation in individuals with pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with atrial fibrillation . . . 63 Recommendations for exercise and sports participation in individuals with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and pre-excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with premature ventricular contractions or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia . . . . 66 Recommendations for exercise in long QT syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Recommendations for exercise in Brugada syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Recommendations for exercise in individuals with congenital heart disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Abbreviations and acronyms

ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACHD Adults with congenital heart disease ACM Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy ACS Acute coronary syndromes AED Automatic external defibrillator AHA American Heart Association AF Atrial fibrillation AFL Atrial flutter AMI Acute myocardial infarction AN-SUD Autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death AP Accessory pathway AOCA Anomalous origin of coronary arteries AR Aortic valve regurgitation ARVC Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy AS Aortic valve stenosis ASI Aortic size index AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia AVRT Atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia BAV Bicuspid aortic valve BMI Body mass index BP Blood pressure BrS Brugada syndrome CAC Coronary artery calcium CAD Coronary artery disease CCS Chronic coronary syndrome CCTA Coronary computed tomography angiography CHD Congenital heart disease CKD Chronic kidney disease CMD Coronary microvascular dysfunction CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance CPET Cardiopulmonary exercise test CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CT Computed tomography CV Cardiovascular CVA Cerebrovascular accident CVD Cardiovascular disease DBP Diastolic blood pressure DCM Dilated cardiomyopathy EACPR European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation EAPC European Association of Preventive Cardiology ECV Extracellular volume ECG Electrocardiogram EDS Ehlers Danlos syndrome EF Ejection fraction EP Electrophysiological ESC European Society of Cardiology Ex-R Exercise-related exCR Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation FFR Fractional flow reserve FITT Frequency, intensity, time, and type HCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HDL High-density lipoprotein HF Heart failure HIIT High-intensity interval training HR Heart rate HFmrEF Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction HRmax Maximal heart rate HRR Heart rate reserve HTAD Hereditary thoracic aortic disease HTx Heart transplant ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator IMT Intimamedia thickness INOCA Ischaemic and non-obstructive coronary artery disease LBBB Left bundle branch block LDL Low-density lipoprotein LEAD Lower extremity artery disease LGE Late gadolinium enhancement LV Left ventricular LVEDD Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction LVNC Left ventricular non-compaction LVOT Left ventricular outflow tract LQTS Long QT syndrome Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/1/17/5898937 by guest on 07 October 2026