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.......................................................................................................................................................................... HLHS Hypoplastic left heart syndrome HTAD Heritable thoracic aortic disease IART Intraatrial reentrant tachycardia ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator IE Infective endocarditis INR International normalized ratio IVC Inferior vena cava LA Left atrium/atrial LR Left-to-right LV Left ventricle/ventricular LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction LVESD Left ventricular end systolic diameter LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy LVOT Left ventricular outflow tract LVOTO Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction MAPCAs Major aortic pulmonary collaterals MCV Mean corpuscular volume mWHO Modified World Health Organization NOAC Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant NT-pro-BNP N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide NYHA New York Heart Association PA Pulmonary artery PAH Pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH-CHD Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease PAP Pulmonary artery pressure PDA Patent ductus arteriosus PDE-5 Phosphodiesterase type 5 PES Programmed electrical stimulation PFO Patent foramen ovale PH Pulmonary hypertension PM Pacemaker PR Pulmonary regurgitation PS Pulmonary stenosis PVD Pulmonary vascular disease PVR Pulmonary vascular resistance PVRep Pulmonary valve replacement QIs Quality indicators Qp:Qs Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio RA Right atrium/atrial RL Right-to-left rTOF Repaired tetralogy of Fallot RV Right ventricle/ventricular RVEDVi Right ventricular end diastolic volume indexed RVEF Right ventricular ejection fraction RVESVi Right ventricular end systolic volume indexed RVH Right ventricular hypertrophy RVOT Right ventricular outflow tract RVOTO Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction RVSP Right ventricular systolic pressure SCD Sudden cardiac death SND Sinus node dysfunction SubAS Subaortic stenosis SupraAS Supravalvular aortic stenosis SVC Superior vena cava SVT Supraventricular tachycardia TGA Transposition of the great arteries TOE Transoesophageal echocardiography TOF Tetralogy of Fallot TPVI Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation TR Tricuspid regurgitation TTE Transthoracic echocardiography TV Tricuspid valve UVH Univentricular heart VE/VCO2 Ventilation to carbon dioxide output VF Ventricular fibrillation VKA Vitamin K antagonist Vmax Maximum Doppler velocity VSD Ventricular septal defect VT Ventricular tachycardia WHO World Health Organization WU Wood units

1 Preamble

Guidelines summarize and evaluate available evidence with the aim of assisting health professionals in proposing the best management strategies for an individual patient with a given condition. Guidelines and their recommendations should facilitate decision making of health professionals in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate. A great number of guidelines have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), as well as by other societies and organizations. Because of their impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can be found on the ESC website (https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/ Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Guidelines-development/Writing-ESC- Guidelines). The ESC Guidelines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic and are regularly updated. In addition to the publication of Clinical Practice Guidelines, the ESC carries out the EurObservational Research Programme of international registries of cardiovascular diseases and interventions which are essential to assess, diagnostic/therapeutic processes, use of resources and adherence to Guidelines. These registries aim at providing a better understanding of medical practice in Europe and around the world, based on high-quality data collected during routine clinical practice. Furthermore, the ESC has developed and embedded in this document a set of quality indicators (QIs), which are tools to evaluate the level of implementation of the Guidelines and may be used by the ESC, hospitals, healthcare providers and professionals to measure clinical practice as well as used in educational programmes, alongside the key messages from the guidelines, to improve quality of care and clinical outcomes. The Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC, including representation from its relevant ESC sub-specialty groups, in order to represent professionals involved with the medical care of Downloaded from academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/6/563/5898606 by guest on 07 October 2026