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............................................................................................................................................................................. Knuuti (Finland), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), Christophe Leclercq (France), Theresa McDonagh (UK), Massimo Francesco Piepoli (Italy), Piotr Ponikowski (Poland), Dimitrios J. Richter (Greece), Marco Roffi (Switzerland), Evgeny Shlyakhto (Russia), Miguel Sousa- Uva (Portugal), Iain A. Simpson (UK), Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain). ESC National Cardiac Societies actively involved in the review process of the 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope: Austria: Austrian Society of Cardiology, Franz Xaver Roithinger; Belarus: Belorussian Scientific Society of Cardiologists, Alexandr Chasnoits; Belgium: Belgian Society of Cardiology, Yves Vandekerckhove; Bulgaria: Bulgarian Society of Cardiology, Vasil B. Traykov; Croatia: Croatian Cardiac Society, Davor Puljevic; Cyprus: Cyprus Society of Cardiology, Elias Papasavvas; Czech Republic: Czech Society of Cardiology, Josef Kautzner; Denmark: Danish Society of Cardiology, Henning Mølgaard; Egypt: Egyptian Society of Cardiology, Mostafa Nawar; Finland: Finnish Cardiac Society, Hannu Parikka; The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Macedonian FYR Society of Cardiology, Marija Vavlukis; France: French Society of Cardiology, Olivier Piot; Georgia: Georgian Society of Cardiology, Kakhaber Etsadashvili; Germany: German Cardiac Society, Thomas Klingenheben; Greece: Hellenic Society of Cardiology, Spyridon Deftereos; Hungary: Hungarian Society of Cardiology, Laszlo Saghy; Iceland: Icelandic Society of Cardiology, Kristjan Gudmundsson; Israel: Israel Heart Society, Roy Beinart; Italy: Italian Federation of Cardiology, Antonio Raviele; Kazakhstan: Association of Cardiologists of Kazakhstan, Ayan Abdrakhmanov; Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyz Society of Cardiology, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Latvia: Latvian Society of Cardiology, Oskars Kalejs; Libya: Libyan Cardiac Society, Hisham A. Benlamin; Lithuania: Lithuanian Society of Cardiology, Aras Puodziukynas; Luxembourg: Luxembourg Society of Cardiology, Carlo Dimmer; Malta: Maltese Cardiac Society, Mark A. Sammut; Moldova: Moldavian Society of Cardiology, Aurica Raducan; Montenegro: Montenegro Society of Cardiology, Mihailo Vukmirovic; Morocco: Moroccan Society of Cardiology, Salima Abdelali; The Netherlands: Netherlands Society of Cardiology, Martin E.W. Hemels; Norway: Norwegian Society of Cardiology, Kristina H. Haugaa; Poland: Polish Cardiac Society, Rafał Baranowski; Portugal: Portuguese Society of Cardiology, Pedro Silva Cunha; Romania: Romanian Society of Cardiology, Gheorghe-Andrei Dan; Russian Federation: Russian Society of Cardiology, Tatyana Tyurina; San Marino: San Marino Society of Cardiology, Luca Bertelli; Slovakia: Slovak Society of Cardiology, Peter Mitro; Spain: Spanish Society of Cardiology, Ignacio Fernandez Lozano; Sweden: Swedish Society of Cardiology, Lennart Bergfeldt; Switzerland: Swiss Society of Cardiology, Stefan Osswald; Tunisia: Tunisian Society of Cardiology and Cardio- Vascular Surgery, Ben Halima Afef; Turkey: Turkish Society of Cardiology, H. Murat €Ozdemır; United Kingdom: British Cardiovascular Society, P. Boon Lim. 15 References 1. Mosqueda-Garcia R, Furlan R, Tank J, Fernandez-Violante R. The elusive pathophysiology of neurally mediated syncope. Circulation 2000;102:2898–2906. 2. Morillo CA, Eckberg DL, Ellenbogen KA, Beightol LA, Hoag JB, Tahvanainen KU, Kuusela TA, Diedrich AM. Vagal and sympathetic mechanisms in patients with orthostatic vasovagal syncope. Circulation 1997;96:2509–2513. 3. Alboni P, Alboni M. Vasovagal syncope. Heidelberg: Springer; 2015. p3–17. 4. Deharo JC, Guieu R, Mechulan A, Peyrouse E, Kipson N, Ruf J, Gerolami V, Devoto G, Marre V, Brignole M. Syncope without prodromes in patients with normal heart and normal electrocardiogram: a distinct entity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:1075–1080. 5. Brignole M, Deharo JC, De Roy L, Menozzi C, Blommaert D, Dabiri L, Ruf J, Guieu R. Syncope due to idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block: longterm follow-up of a distinct form of atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:167–173. 6. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, Cheshire WP, Chelimsky T, Cortelli P, Gibbons CH, Goldstein DS, Hainsworth R, Hilz MJ, Jacob G, Kaufmann H, Jordan J, Lipsitz LA, Levine BD, Low PA, Mathias C, Raj SR, Robertson D, Sandroni P, Schatz I, Schondorff R, Stewart JM, van Dijk JG. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011;21:69–72. 7. Fedorowski A, Melander O. Syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: a hidden danger. J Intern Med 2013;273:322–335. 8. Wieling W, Thijs RD, van Dijk N, Wilde AA, Benditt DG, van Dijk JG. Symptoms and signs of syncope: a review of the link between physiology and clinical clues. Brain 2009;132:2630–2642. 9. van Dijk JG, Thijs RD, van Zwet E, Tannemaat MR, van Niekerk J, Benditt DG, Wieling W. The semiology of tilt-induced reflex syncope in relation to electroencephalographic changes. Brain 2014;137:576–585. 10. Breningstall GN. Breath-holding spells. Pediatr Neurol 1996;14:91–97. 11. Stephenson JBP. Fits and faints. London: Mac Keith Press; 1990, 202 pages. 12. van Dijk N, Boer KR, Colman N, Bakker A, Stam J, van Grieken JJ, Wilde AA, Linzer M, Reitsma JB, Wieling W. High diagnostic yield and accuracy of history, physical examination, and ECG in patients with transient loss of consciousness in FAST: the Fainting Assessment study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:48–55. 13. Stephenson J. Chapter 7 - Anoxic seizures or syncope. Fits and faints. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990. p41–57. 14. van Dijk JG, Sheldon R. Is there any point to vasovagal syncope? Clin Auton Res 2008;18:167–169. 15. Alboni P, Alboni M, Bertorelle G. The origin of vasovagal syncope: to protect the heart or to escape predation? Clin Auton Res 2008;18:170–178. 16. Ganzeboom KS, Colman N, Reitsma JB, Shen WK, Wieling W. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1006–1008, A8. 17. Serletis A, Rose S, Sheldon AG, Sheldon RS. Vasovagal syncope in medical students and their first-degree relatives. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1965–1970. 18. Shibao C, Lipsitz LA, Biaggioni I. ASH position paper: evaluation and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2013;15:147–153. 19. Mathias CJ, Mallipeddi R, Bleasdale-Barr K. Symptoms associated with orthostatic hypotension in pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol 1999;246:893–898. 20. Naschitz JE, Rosner I. Orthostatic hypotension: framework of the syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2007;83:568–574. 21. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 1996;144:218–219. 22. Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N, Linzer M, Tschakovsky ME. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007;112:157–165. 23. Podoleanu C, Maggi R, Brignole M, Croci F, Incze A, Solano A, Puggioni E, Carasca E. Lower limb and abdominal compression bandages prevent progressive orthostatic hypotension in elderly persons: a randomized single-blind controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1425–1432. 24. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Delayed orthostatic hypotension: a frequent cause of orthostatic intolerance. Neurology 2006;67:28–32. 25. Sarasin FP, Hanusa BH, Perneger T, Louis-Simonet M, Rajeswaran A, Kapoor WN. A risk score to predict arrhythmias in patients with unexplained syncope. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:1312–1317. 26. Quinn J, McDermott D, Stiell I, Kohn M, Wells G. Prospective validation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47:448–454. 27. Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Saxon LA. Syncope in advanced heart failure: high risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:110–116. 28. 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