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Kusumoto et al 2018 Bradycardia Clinical Practice Guidelines Circulation. 2019;140:e382–e482. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628 August 20, 2019 e465 CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S5.4.4.1-10. Brandt J, Anderson H, Fahraeus T, et al. Natural history of sinus node disease treated with atrial pacing in 213 patients: implications for selection of stimulation mode. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:633–9. S5.4.4.1-11. Kristensen L, Nielsen JC, Pedersen AK, et al. AV block and changes in pacing mode during long-term follow-up of 399 consecutive patients with sick sinus syndrome treated with an AAI/AAIR pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24:358–65. S5.4.4.1-12. Sutton R, Kenny RA. The natural history of sick sinus syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1986;9:1110–4. S5.4.4.1-13. Nahlawi M, Waligora M, Spies SM, et al. Left ventricular function during and after right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1883–8. S5.4.4.1-14. Sweeney MO, Hellkamp AS, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;107:2932–7. 6 BRADYCARDIA ATTRIBUTABLE TO ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK 6.2 Clinical Presentation S6.2-1. Santini M, Castro A, Giada F, et al. Prevention of syncope through permanent cardiac pacing in patients with bifascicular block and syncope of unexplained origin: the PRESS study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6:101–7. S6.2-2. Ando G, Versaci F. Ventriculo-atrial gradient due to first degree atrio-ventricular block: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005;5:23. S6.2-3. Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, et al. First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;17:139–52. S6.2-4. Carroz P, Delay D, Girod G. Pseudo-pacemaker syndrome in a young woman with first-degree atrio-ventricular block. Europace. 2010;12:594–6. S6.2-5. Brignole M, Deharo JC, De Roy L, et al. Syncope due to idiopathic paroxysmal atrioventricular block: long-term follow-up of a distinct form of atrioventricular block. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:167–73. S6.2-6. Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, et al. Mechanism of syncope in patients with bundle branch block and negative electrophysiological test. Circulation. 2001;104:2045–50. S6.2-7. Guerrero-Marquez FJ, Arana-Rueda E, Pedrote A. Idiopathic paroxysmal atrio-ventricular block. What is the mechanism? J Atr Fibrillation. 2016;9:1449. S6.2-8. Marti-Almor J, Cladellas M, Bazan V, et al. Long-term mortality predictors in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Europace. 2009;11:1201–7. S6.2-9. Moya A, Garcia-Civera R, Croci F, et al. Diagnosis, management, and outcomes of patients with syncope and bundle branch block. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1535–41. 6.3 Acute Management 6.3.1 Acute Management of Reversible Causes of Bradycardia Attributable to Atrioventricular Block S6.3.1-1. Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr, et al. Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Final report of a multicenter study. Circulation. 1990;81:1744–52. S6.3.1-2. Forrester JD, Mead P. Third-degree heart block associated with Lyme carditis: review of published cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:996–1000. S6.3.1-3. Hickey AR, Wenger TL, Carpenter VP, et al. Digoxin immune Fab therapy in the management of digitalis intoxication: safety and efficacy results of an observational surveillance study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:590–8. S6.3.1-4. van der Linde MR. Lyme carditis: clinical characteristics of 105 cases. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1991;77:81–4. S6.3.1-5. McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, et al. Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110:339–45. S6.3.1-6. Kenneback G, Tabrizi F, Lindell P, et al. High-degree atrioventricular block during anti-arrhythmic drug treatment: use of a pacemaker with a bradycardia-detection algorithm to study the time course after drug withdrawal. Europace. 2007;9:186–91. S6.3.1-7. Knudsen MB, Thogersen AM, Hjortshoj SP, et al. The impact of drug discontinuation in patients treated with temporary pacemaker due to atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24:1255–8. S6.3.1-8. Osmonov D, Erdinler I, Ozcan KS, et al. Management of patients with drug-induced atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:804–10. S6.3.1-9. Zeltser D, Justo D, Halkin A, et al. Drug-induced atrioventricular block: prognosis after discontinuation of the culprit drug. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:105–8. S6.3.1-10. Kandolin R, Lehtonen J, Kupari M. Cardiac sarcoidosis and giant cell myocarditis as causes of atrioventricular block in young and middleaged adults. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:303–9. S6.3.1-11. Sadek MM, Yung D, Birnie DH, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29:1034–41. S6.3.1-12. Ozcan KS, Osmonov D, Erdinler I, et al. Atrioventricular block in patients with thyroid dysfunction: prognosis after treatment with hormone supplementation or antithyroid medication. J Cardiol. 2012;60:327–32. S6.3.1-13. Fish AE, Pride YB, Pinto DS. Lyme carditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:275–88. vi. S6.3.1-14. Robinson ML, Kobayashi T, Higgins Y, et al. Lyme carditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29:255–68. S6.3.1-14a. Hauptman PJ, Blume SW, Lewis EF, Ward S. Digoxin toxicity and use of digoxin immune fab: insights from a national hospital database. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:357–64. S6.3.1-15. Birnie DH, Nery PB, Ha AC, et al. Cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:411–21. S6.3.1-16. Risgaard B, Elming H, Jensen GV, et al. Waiting for a pacemaker: is it dangerous? Europace. 2012;14:975–80. S6.3.1-17. Birnie DH, Sauer WH, Bogun F, et al. HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1305–23. S6.3.1-18. Chatzitomaris A, Scheeler M, Gotzmann M, et al. Second degree AV block and severely impaired contractility in cardiac myxedema: a case report. Thyroid Res. 2015;8:6. 6.3.2 Acute Medical Therapy for Bradycardia Attributable to Atrioventricular Block S6.3.2-1. Brady WJ, Swart G, DeBehnke DJ, et al. The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Resuscitation. 1999;41:47–55. S6.3.2-2. Feigl D, Ashkenazy J, Kishon Y. Early and late atrioventricular block in acute inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:35–8. S6.3.2-3. Sodeck GH, Domanovits H, Meron G, et al. Compromising bradycardia: management in the emergency department. Resuscitation. 2007;73:96–102. S6.3.2-4. Chihrin SM, Mohamed U, Yee R, et al. Utility of isoproterenol in unmasking latent escape rhythm in pacemaker dependent patients undergoing pacemaker replacement. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:631–3. S6.3.2-5. Dhingra RC, Winslow E, Pouget JM, et al. The effect of isoproterenol on atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction. Am J Cardiol. 1973;32:629–36. S6.3.2-6. Hatle L, Rokseth R. Conservative treatment of AV block in acute myocardial infarction. Results in 105 consecutive patients. Br Heart J. 1971;33:595–600. S6.3.2-7. Morrison LJ, Long J, Vermeulen M, et al. A randomized controlled feasibility trial comparing safety and effectiveness of prehospital pacing versus conventional treatment: ‘PrePACE.’ Resuscitation. 2008;76:341–9. S6.3.2-8. Altun A, Kirdar C, Ozbay G. Effect of aminophylline in patients with atropine-resistant late advanced atrioventricular block during acute inferior myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21:759–62. S6.3.2-9. 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