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Kusumoto et al 2018 Bradycardia Clinical Practice Guidelines

August 20, 2019 Circulation. 2019;140:e382–e482. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628 e458

CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.2.6-4.	Wolf CM, Berul CI. Inherited conduction system abnormalities–

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4.2.7. Sleep Apnea Evaluation and Treatment in Patients With Documented or Suspected Bradycardia or Conduction Disorders S4.2.7-1.	Tilkian AG, Guilleminault C, Schroeder JS, et al. Sleep-induced apnea syndrome. Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and their reversal after tracheostomy. Am J Med. 1977;63:348–58. S4.2.7-2.	Guilleminault C, Connolly SJ, Winkle RA. Cardiac arrhythmia and conduction disturbances during sleep in 400 patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52:490–4. S4.2.7-3.	Shepard JW Jr, Garrison MW, Grither DA, et al. Relationship of ventricular ectopy to oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1985;88:335–40. S4.2.7-4.	Shepard JW Jr. Gas exchange and hemodynamics during sleep. Med Clin North Am. 1985;69:1243–64. S4.2.7-5.	Hoffstein V, Mateika S. Cardiac arrhythmias, snoring, and sleep apnea. Chest. 1994;106:466–71. S4.2.7-6.	Boudoulas H, Schmidt HS, Clark RW, et al. Anthropometric characteristics, cardiac abnormalities and adrenergic activity in patients with primary disorders of sleep. J Med. 1983;14:223–38. S4.2.7-7.	Mehra R, Benjamin EJ, Shahar E, et al. Association of nocturnal arrhythmias with sleep-disordered breathing: The Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:910–6. S4.2.7-8.	Miller WP. Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in the sleep apnea syndrome. Prevalence and significance. Am J Med. 1982;73:317–21. S4.2.7-9.	Flemons WW, Remmers JE, Gillis AM. Sleep apnea and cardiac arrhythmias. Is there a relationship? Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:618–21. S4.2.7-10.	Stegman SS, Burroughs JM, Henthorn RW. Asymptomatic bradyarrhythmias as a marker for sleep apnea: appropriate recognition and treatment may reduce the need for pacemaker therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996;19:899–904. S4.2.7-11.	Garrigue S, Pepin JL, Defaye P, et al. High prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in patients with long-term pacing: the European Multicenter Polysomnographic Study. Circulation. 2007;115:1703–9. S4.2.7-12.	Becker H, Brandenburg U, Peter JH, et al. Reversal of sinus arrest and atrioventricular conduction block in patients with sleep apnea during nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:215–8. S4.2.7-13.	Koehler U, Fus E, Grimm W, et al. Heart block in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: pathogenetic factors and effects of treatment. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:434–9. S4.2.7-14.	Grimm W, Koehler U, Fus E, et al. Outcome of patients with sleep apnea-associated severe bradyarrhythmias after continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:688–92. a9. S4.2.7-15.	Harbison J, O’Reilly P, McNicholas WT. Cardiac rhythm disturbances in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest. 2000;118: 591–5. S4.2.7-16.	Daccarett M, Segerson NM, Hamdan AL, et al. Relation of daytime bradyarrhythmias with high risk features of sleep apnea. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1147–50. S4.2.7-17.	Bjerregaard P. Premature beats in healthy subjects 40–79 years of age. Eur Heart J. 1982;3:493–503. S4.2.7-18.	Clarke JM, Hamer J, Shelton JR, et al. The rhythm of the normal

human heart. Lancet. 1976;1:508–12. S4.2.7-19.	Fleg JL, Kennedy HL. Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly

population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest. 1982;81:302–7. S4.2.7-20.	Brodsky M, Wu D, Denes P, et al. Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1977;39:390–5. S4.2.7-21.	Meytes I, Kaplinsky E, Yahini JH, et al. Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical training. Am Heart J. 1975;90:426–30. S4.2.7-22.	Northcote RJ, Canning GP, Ballantyne D. Electrocardiographic findings in male veteran endurance athletes. Br Heart J. 1989;61:155–60. S4.2.7-23.	Viitasalo MT, Kala R, Eisalo A. Ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in endurance athletes. Br Heart J. 1982;47:213–20. S4.2.7-24.	Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al. The occurrence of sleepdisordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1230–5. S4.2.7-25.	Kasai T, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a bidirectional relationship. Circulation. 2012;126:1495–510. S4.2.7-26.	Guilleminault C, Connolly S, Winkle R, et al. Cyclical variation of

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4.3 Invasive Testing

4.3.1. Implantable Cardiac Monitor in Patients With Documented or Suspected Bradycardia or Conduction Disorders S4.3.1-1.	Farwell DJ, Freemantle N, Sulke AN. Use of implantable loop recorders in the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1257–63. S4.3.1-2.	Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Randomized assessment of syncope trial: conventional diagnostic testing versus a prolonged monitoring strategy. Circulation. 2001;104:46–51. S4.3.1-3.	Podoleanu C, DaCosta A, Defaye P, et al. Early use of an implantable loop recorder in syncope evaluation: a randomized study in the context of the French healthcare system (FRESH study). Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;107:546–52. S4.3.1-4.	Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Final results from a pilot study with an implantable loop recorder to determine the etiology of syncope in patients with negative noninvasive and invasive testing. Am J Cardiol. 1998;117–19, A8–9. S4.3.1-5.	Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS

guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017;136:e60–122. 4.3.2. Electrophysiology Study in Patients With Documented or Suspected Bradycardia or Conduction Disorders S4.3.2-1.	DiMarco JP, Garan H, Ruskin JN. Approach to the patient with recurrent syncope of unknown cause. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis. 1983;52:11–6. S4.3.2-2.	Fisher JD. Role of electrophysiologic testing in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with known and suspected bradycardias and tachycardias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1981;24:25–90. S4.3.2-3.	Gulamhusein S, Naccarelli GV, Ko PT, et al. Value and limitations of clinical electrophysiologic study in assessment of patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Med. 1982;73:A53. S4.3.2-4.	Krol RB, Morady F, Flaker GC, et al. Electrophysiologic testing in patients with unexplained syncope: Clinical and noninvasive predictors of outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:358–63. S4.3.2-5.	Denniss AR, Ross DL, Richards DA, et al. Electrophysiologic studies in patients with unexplained syncope. Int J Cardiol. 1992;35:211–7. S4.3.2-6.	Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS

guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017;136:e60–122.

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