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September 25, 2018 Circulation. 2018;138:e272–e391. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549 e358

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arrest: next steps. Circulation. 2016;134:2040–2. S2.2.2-48.	Daya MR, Schmicker R, May SH, et al. Current burden of cardiac arrest in the United States: report from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Paper commissioned by the Committee on the Treatment of Cardiac Arrest: Current Status and Future Directions. 2015. S2.2.2-49.	Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA, et al. Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. Circulation. 2013;128:2532–41. S2.2.2-50.	Myerburg RJ, Goldberger JJ. Sudden cardiac arrest risk assessment: population science and the individual risk mandate. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:689–94. S2.2.2-51.	Bogle BM, Ning H, Mehrotra S, et al. Lifetime risk for sudden cardiac death in the community. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002398. S2.2.2-52.	Junttila MJ, Hookana E, Kaikkonen KS, et al. Temporal trends in the clinical and pathological characteristics of victims of sudden cardiac death in the absence of previously identified heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016;9:e003723. S2.2.2-53.	Hookana E, Junttila MJ, Puurunen VP, et al. Causes of nonischemic sudden cardiac death in the current era. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:1570–5. S2.2.2-54.	Wong MK, Morrison LJ, Qiu F, et al. Trends in short- and long-term

survival among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients alive at hospital arrival. Circulation. 2014;130:1883–90.

3 MECHANISMS OF VA

S3.4-1.	 Cherry EM, Fenton FH, Gilmour RF Jr. Mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias: a dynamical systems-based perspective. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;302:H2451–63. S3.4-2.	 Pandit SV, Jalife J. Rotors and the dynamics of cardiac fibrillation. Circ Res. 2013;112:849–62. S3.4-3.	 Tsuji Y, Heijman J, Nattel S, et al. Electrical storm: recent pathophysiological insights and therapeutic consequences. Basic Res Cardiol. 2013;108:336. S3.4-4.	 Roden DM. Predicting drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. J Physiol. 2016;594:2459–68. S3.4-5.	 Antzelevitch C, Nesterenko V, Shryock JC, et al. The role of late I Na in development of cardiac arrhythmias. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2014;221:137–68. S3.4-6.	 Lerman BB. Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of outflow tract tachycardia. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:597–608. S3.4-7.	 Priori SG, Chen SR. Inherited dysfunction of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling and arrhythmogenesis. Circ Res. 2011;108:871–83. S3.4-8.	 Nogami A. Purkinje-related arrhythmias part I: monomorphic ventricular tachycardias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:624–50. S3.4-9.	 Haissaguerre M, Vigmond E, Stuyvers B, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias and the His-Purkinje system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2016;13:155–66. S3.4-10.	Tabereaux PB, Dosdall DJ, Ideker RE. Mechanisms of VF maintenance: wandering wavelets, mother rotors, or foci. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:405–15. S3.4-11.	Zhang J, Cooper DH, Desouza KA, et al. Electrophysiologic scar substrate in relation to VT: noninvasive high-resolution mapping and risk assessment with ECGI. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;39:781–91. S3.4-12.	Fernandez-Armenta J, Penela D, Acosta J, et al. Substrate modi-

fication or ventricular tachycardia induction, mapping, and ablation as the first step? A randomized study. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:1589–95.

4 GENERAL EVALUATION OF PATIENTS

WITH DOCUMENTED OR SUSPECTED VA

4.1 History and Physical Examination

S4.1-1.	Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, et al. Syncope in

advanced heart failure: high risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:110–6. S4.1-2.	 Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac

death - Chapter 39. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, et al, editors. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10th ed. Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2015:821–60. S4.1-3.	 Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017;136:e60–122. S4.1-4.	 Soteriades ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:878–85. S4.1-5.	 Noda T, Shimizu W, Taguchi A, et al. Malignant entity of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1288–94. S4.1-6.	 Viskin S, Rosso R, Rogowski O, et al. The “short-coupled” variant of right ventricular outflow ventricular tachycardia: a not-so-benign form of benign ventricular tachycardia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:912–6. S4.1-7.	 Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369–73. S4.1-8.	 Credible meds. Available at: http://www.crediblemeds.org. Accessed December 26, 2016. S4.1-9.	 Brugada drugs. Available at: http://www.brugadadrugs.org. Accessed October 6, 2016. S4.1-10.	 Konigstein M, Rosso R, Topaz G, et al. Drug-induced Brugada syndrome: clinical characteristics and risk factors. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:1083–7. S4.1-11.	 Basso C, Perazzolo MM, Rizzo S, et al. Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2015;132:556–66. S4.1-12.	 Nordhues BD, Siontis KC, Scott CG, et al. Bileaflet mitral valve prolapse and risk of ventricular dysrhythmias and death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27:463–8. S4.1-13.	 Sriram CS, Syed FF, Ferguson ME, et al. Malignant bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome in patients with otherwise idiopathic outof-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:222–30. S4.1-14.	 Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1473–82. S4.1-15.	 Krahn AD, Healey JS, Simpson CS, et al. Sentinel symptoms in patients with unexplained cardiac arrest: from the Cardiac Arrest Survivors with Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry (CASPER). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012;23:60–6. S4.1-16.	 Ruwald MH, Hansen ML, Lamberts M, et al. The relation between

age, sex, comorbidity, and pharmacotherapy and the risk of syncope: a Danish nationwide study. Europace. 2012;14:1506–14.

4.2 Noninvasive Evaluation

4.2.1 12-lead ECG and Exercise Testing

S4.2.1-1.	 Brugada P, Brugada J, Mont L, et al. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of a regular tachycardia with a wide QRS complex. Circulation. 1991;83:1649–59. S4.2.1-2.	 Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Lie KI, The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS complex. Am J Med. 1978;64:27–33. S4.2.1-3.	 Steinman RT, Herrera C, Schuger CD, et al. Wide QRS tachycardia in the conscious adult. Ventricular tachycardia is the most frequent cause. JAMA. 1989;261:1013–6. S4.2.1-4.	 Elhendy A, Chandrasekaran K, Gersh BJ, et al. Functional and prognostic significance of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:95–100. S4.2.1-5.	 Grady TA, Chiu AC, Snader CE, et al. Prognostic significance of exercise-induced left bundle-branch block. JAMA. 1998;279:153–6. S4.2.1-6.	 Perez-Rodon J, Martinez-Alday J, Baron-Esquivias G, et al. Prognostic value of the electrocardiogram in patients with syncope: data from the group for syncope study in the emergency room (GESINUR). Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:2035–44. S4.2.1-7.	 Baldasseroni S, Opasich C, Gorini M, et al. Left bundle-branch

block is associated with increased 1-year sudden and total mortality rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from the Italian network on congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143:398–405.

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