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September 25, 2018 Circulation. 2018;138:e272–e391. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549 e378

CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 8 VA IN THE STRUCTURALLY NORMAL

HEART

S8-1.	 Gill JS, Blaszyk K, Ward DE, et al. Verapamil for the suppression of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch block-like morphology. Am Heart J. 1993;126:1126–33. S8-2.	 Gill JS, Ward DE, Camm AJ, Comparison of verapamil and diltiazem in the suppression of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1992;15:2122–6. S8-3.	 Kontos MC, Diercks DB, Ho PM, et al. Treatment and outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction treated with acute beta– blocker therapy: results from the American College of Cardiology’s NCDR(R). Am Heart J. 2011;161:864–70. S8-4.	 Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Trial Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:67–75. S8-5.	 Noda T, Shimizu W, Taguchi A, et al. Malignant entity of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1288–94. S8-6.	 Viskin S, Idiopathic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: a “benign disease” with a touch of bad luck? Korean Circ J. 2017;47: 299–306. S8-7.	 Viskin S, Rosso R, Rogowski O, et al. The “short-coupled” variant of right ventricular outflow ventricular tachycardia: a not-so-benign form of benign ventricular tachycardia? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:912–6. S8-8.	 Krittayaphong R, Bhuripanyo K, Punlee K, et al. Effect of atenolol on symptomatic ventricular arrhythmia without structural heart disease: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Am Heart J. 2002;144:e10. S8-9.	 Ling Z, Liu Z, Su L, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus antiarrhythmic medication for treatment of ventricular premature beats from the right ventricular outflow tract: prospective randomized study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:237–43. S8-10.	 Hohnloser SH, Meinertz T, Stubbs P, et al. Efficacy and safety of d-sotalol, a pure class III antiarrhythmic compound, in patients with symptomatic complex ventricular ectopy. Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study. The d-Sotalol PVC Study Group. Circulation. 1995;92:1517–25. S8-11.	 Badhwar N, Scheinman MM, Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia: diagnosis and management. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2007;32:7–43. S8-12.	 Connolly SJ, Meta-analysis of antiarrhythmic drug trials. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:90R–3. S8.1-1.	 Tada H, Ito S, Naito S, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia arising

from the mitral annulus: a distinct subgroup of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:877–86.

8.1 Outflow Tract and Atrioventricular

Annular VA

S8.1-2.	 Yamada T, Litovsky SH, Kay GN, The left ventricular ostium: an anatomic concept relevant to idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1:396–404. S8.1-3.	 Yamada T, Maddox WR, McElderry HT, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from intramural foci in the left ventricular outflow tract: efficacy of sequential versus simultaneous unipolar catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8:344–52. S8.1-4.	 Ling Z, Liu Z, Su L, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus antiarrhythmic medication for treatment of ventricular premature beats from the right ventricular outflow tract: prospective randomized study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:237–43. S8.1-5.	 Carballeira Pol L, Deyell MW, Frankel DS, et al. Ventricular premature depolarization QRS duration as a new marker of risk for the development of ventricular premature depolarization-induced cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:299–306. S8.1-6.	 Kamioka M, Mathew S, Lin T, et al. Electrophysiological and electro-

cardiographic predictors of ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular outflow tract within and below the coronary sinus cusps. Clin Res Cardiol. 2015;104:544–54. S8.1-7.	 Konstantinidou M, Koektuerk B, Wissner E, et al. Catheter ablation

of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: a simplified remotecontrolled approach. Europace. 2011;13:696–700. S8.1-8.	 Latchamsetty R, Yokokawa M, Morady F, et al. Multicenter outcomes for catheter ablation of idiopathic premature ventricular complexes. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;1:116–23. S8.1-9.	 Liao Z, Zhan X, Wu S, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the pulmonary sinus cusp: prevalence, electrocardiographic/electrophysiological characteristics, and catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2633–44. S8.1-10.	 Morady F, Kadish AH, DiCarlo L, et al. Long-term results of catheter ablation of idiopathic right ventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1990;82:2093–9. S8.1-11.	 Ouyang F, Fotuhi P, Ho SY, et al. Repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia originating from the aortic sinus cusp: electrocardiographic characterization for guiding catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:500–8. S8.1-12.	 Pedersen CT, Kay GN, Kalman J, et al. EHRA/HRS/APHRS expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11: e166–96. S8.1-13.	 Tada H, Tadokoro K, Miyaji K, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias arising from the pulmonary artery: prevalence, characteristics, and topography of the arrhythmia origin. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:419–26. S8.1-14.	 Yamada T, McElderry HT, Doppalapudi H, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the aortic root prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:139–47. S8.1-15.	 Yamada T, McElderry HT, Doppalapudi H, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular summit: anatomic concepts relevant to ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:616–23. S8.1-16.	 Yamada T, McElderry HT, Okada T, et al. Idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmias originating adjacent to the left aortic sinus of valsalva: electrophysiological rationale for the surface electrocardiogram. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21:170–6. S8.1-17.	 Mountantonakis SE, Frankel DS, Tschabrunn CM, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias from the coronary venous system: prevalence, mapping, and ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:1145–53. S8.1-18.	 Nagashima K, Choi EK, Lin KY, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias near the distal great cardiac vein: challenging arrhythmia for ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7:906–12. S8.1-19.	 Hai JJ, Chahal AA, Friedman PA, et al. Electrophysiologic characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the aortic mitral continuity-potential role of the conduction system. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26:158–63. S8.1-20.	 Tada H, Tadokoro K, Ito S, et al. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias

originating from the tricuspid annulus: prevalence, electrocardiographic characteristics, and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:7–16.

8.2 Papillary Muscle VA

S8.2-1.	 Ban JE, Lee HS, Lee DI, et al. Electrophysiological characteristics related to outcome after catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia originating from the papillary muscle in the left ventricle. Korean Circ J. 2013;43:811–8. S8.2-2.	 Crawford T, Mueller G, Good E, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias originating from papillary muscles in the right ventricle. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:725–30. S8.2-3.	 Doppalapudi H, Yamada T, McElderry HT, et al. Ventricular tachycardia originating from the posterior papillary muscle in the left ventricle: a distinct clinical syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1:23–9. S8.2-4.	 Yamada T, Doppalapudi H, McElderry HT, et al. Electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics in idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the papillary muscles in the left ventricle: relevance for catheter ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3:324–31. S8.2-5.	 Yokokawa M, Good E, Desjardins B, et al. Predictors of successful

catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the papillary muscles. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1654–9.

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