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CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES Circulation. 2025;152:e114–e218. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001356 September 16, 2025 e121 or peripheral artery disease (PAD); these topics are the focus of other AHA/ACC guidelines as listed in Table 2. The use of risk-based approaches to guide recommenda tions for initiation of antihypertensive therapy at varying BP thresholds remains the cornerstone of preventive care (Section 5.2.1, “Initiation of Pharmacological BP Treatment in the Context of Overall CVD Risk”). The writing committee discussed and evaluated the optimal approach to estimate risk among adults without clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in contemporary clinical practice and compared available data using the pooled cohort equations (PCEs) and the PREVENT1 (Predicting Risk of CVD EVENTs) equations regarding populations, outcomes, predictors, and model performance. The PCEs were derived from data on 20 338 White adults and 4288 Black adults with base line examinations dating from the 1960s to the 1990s. In contrast, PREVENT was derived from contemporary data from 3.2 million individuals with baseline examinations from 1992 to 2022 and included a diverse sample of racial and ethnic groups. The PCEs estimate risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (eg, myocardial infarction [MI], stroke), whereas PREVENT estimates risk for total Table 2. Associated Publications Title Organization Publication Year (Reference) Guidelines Lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk AHA/ACC 20132 Management of overweight and obesity in adults AHA/ACC/TOS 20143 Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ACC/AHA 20194 Management of patients with valvular heart disease ACC/AHA 20215 Management of heart failure AHA/ACC/HFSA 20226 Diagnosis and management of aortic disease AHA/ACC 20227 Management of patients with chronic coronary disease AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA 20238 Management of atrial fibrillation ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS 20239 Management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease ACC/AHA 202410 Perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/ SCCT/SCMR/SVM 202411 Other Relevant Documents Current science on consumer use of mobile health for cardiovascular disease prevention AHA 201512 Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management AHA 201813 Measurement of blood pressure in humans AHA 201914 Clinical performance and quality measures for adults with high blood pressure AHA/ACC 201915 Blood pressure assessment in adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research ACC 201916 Self-measured blood pressure monitoring at home AHA/AMA 202017 Revascularization for renovascular disease AHA 202218 Medication adherence and blood pressure control AHA 202219 An overview of telehealth in the management of cardiovascular disease AHA 202220 Hypertension in pregnancy AHA 202221 Life’s essential 8 AHA 202222 Management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ACC 202323 Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health AHA 202324 Novel prediction equations for absolute risk assessment of total cardiovascular disease incorporating cardiovascular-kidneymetabolic health AHA 202325 Implementation strategies to improve blood pressure control in the US AHA 202326 Renal denervation for the treatment of hypertension AHA 202427 ACC indicates American College of Cardiology; ACCP, American College of Clinical Pharmacy; ACS, American College of Surgeons; AHA, Ameri can Heart Association; AMA, American Medical Association; ASNC, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; ASPC, American Society for Preventive Cardiology; HFSA, Heart Failure Society of America; HRS, Heart Rhythm Society; NLA, National Lipid Association; PCNA, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association; SCA, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists; SCCT, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; SCMR, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; SVM, Society for Vascular Medicine; and TOS, The Obesity Society. Downloaded from http://ahajournals.org by on October 7, 2026