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CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

Circulation. 2025;152:e114–e218. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001356 September 16, 2025 e191

metabolic syndrome components: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Circulation. 2007;115:1004–1011. 8.	 Wilson PWF, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, et al. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1867–1872. 9.	 Zhang Z, Li C, Hong J, et al. Secular trends of population-attributable frac­ tions of obesity for hypertension among US population by sex and race/ ethnicity: analysis from NHANES 1999-2018. Prev Med. 2024;41:102719. 10.	 Hou H, Zhao Y, Yu W, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2018;8:010405. 11.	 Wang Y, Mei H, Jiang Y-R, et al. Relationship between duration of sleep and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:1047– 1056. 12.	 Spruill TM, Butler MJ, Thomas SJ, et al. Association between high perceived stress over time and incident hypertension in black adults: findings from the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012139. 13.	 Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on blood pressure trajectory with aging in a cohort of healthy men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1245–1253. 14.	 Bae S, Hong Y-C. Exposure to bisphenol A from drinking canned beverages increases blood pressure. Hypertension. 2015;65:313–319. 15.	 Liang R, Zhang B, Zhao X, et al. Effect of exposure to PM2.5 on blood pres­ sure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2014;32:2130– 2140; discussion 2141. 16.	 Levy D, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Evidence for a gene influencing blood pressure on chromosome 17. Hypertension. 2000;36:477–483. 17.	 Ehret GB, Munroe PB, Rice KM, et al. Genetic variants in novel path­ ways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature. 2011;478:103–109. 18.	 Keaton JM, Kamali Z, Xie T, et al. Genome-wide analysis in over 1 million

individuals of European ancestry yields improved polygenic risk scores for blood pressure traits. Nat Genet. 2024;56:778–791.

3.2.2 White Coat Hypertension and Masked Hypertension

and White Coat Effect and Masked Uncontrolled Hyper­ tension 1.	 Cohen JB, Lotito MJ, Trivedi UK, et al. Cardiovascular events and mortality in white coat hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:853–862. 2.	 Briasoulis A, Androulakis E, Palla M, et al. White-coat hypertension and car­ diovascular events: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2016;34:593–599. 3.	 Muntner P, Booth JN, Shimbo D, et al. Is white-coat hypertension as­ sociated with increased cardiovascular and mortality risk? J Hypertens. 2016;34:1655–1658. 4.	 Franklin SS, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. Significance of white-coat hyperten­ sion in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis using the International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Moni­ toring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes population. Hypertension. 2012;59:564–571. 5.	 Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Prognostic value of white-coat and masked hypertension diagnosed by ambulatory monitoring in initially untreated sub­ jects: an updated meta analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:52–58. 6.	 Siven SS, Niiranen TJ, Kantola IM, et al. White-coat and masked hyperten­ sion as risk factors for progression to sustained hypertension: the Finn- Home study. J Hypertens. 2016;34:54–60. 7.	 Mancia G, Bombelli M, Facchetti R, et al. Long-term risk of sustained hyper­ tension in white-coat or masked hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54:226– 232. 8.	 Faria J, Mesquita Bastos J, Bertoquini S, et al. Long-term risk of progression to sustained hypertension in white-coat hypertension with normal night-time blood pressure values. Int J Hypertens. 2020;2020:8817544. 9.	 Pierdomenico SD, Lapenna D, Bucci A, et al. Cardiovascular outcome in treated hypertensive patients with responder, masked, false resistant, and true resistant hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:1422–1428. 10.	 Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic influence of office and ambulatory blood pressures in resistant hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2340–2346. 11.	 Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, et al. Resistant hypertension: detec­ tion, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018;72:e53-e90. 12.	 Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of home blood pressures for

adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with resistant hy­ pertension: a prospective cohort study. Hypertension. 2021;78:1617–1627. 13 Stergiou GS, Asayama K, Thijs L, et al. Prognosis of white-coat and masked

hypertension: International Database of HOme blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome. Hypertension. 2014;63:675–682. 14.	 Zhang DY, Guo QH, An DW, et al. A comparative meta-analysis of prospec­ tive observational studies on masked hypertension and masked uncon­ trolled hypertension defined by ambulatory and home blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1775–1785. 15.	 Thakkar HV, Pope A, Anpalahan M. Masked hypertension: a systematic re­ view. Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29:102–111. 16.	 Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hy­ pertension. 2019;73:e35-e66. 17.	 Muntner P, Einhorn PT, Cushman WC, et al. Blood pressure assessment in adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research: JACC scientific expert panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:317–335. 18.	 Piper MA, Evans CV, Burda BU, et al. Diagnostic and predictive accuracy of blood pressure screening methods with consideration of rescreening in­ tervals: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:192–204. 19.	 Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Webber EM, et al. Screening for hypertension in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preven­ tive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021;325:1657–1669. 20.	 Shimbo D, Abdalla M, Falzon L, et al. Studies comparing ambulatory blood pressure and home blood pressure on cardiovascular disease and mortality outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10: 224-234.e17. 21.	 Panagiotakos D, Antza C, Kotsis V. Ambulatory and home blood pres­ sure monitoring for cardiovascular disease risk evaluation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hypertens. 2024;42:1–9. 22.	 Giorgini P, Weder AB, Jackson EA, et al. A review of blood pressure mea­ surement protocols among hypertension trials: implications for “evidencebased” clinical practice. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2014;8:670–676. 23.	 Franklin SS, Thijs L, Asayama K, et al. The cardiovascular risk of white-coat hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:2033–2043. 24.	 Shimbo D, Muntner P. Should out-of-office monitoring be performed for detecting white coat hypertension? Ann Intern Med 2019;170:890–892. 25.	 Shimbo D, Kuruvilla S, Haas D, et al. Preventing misdiagnosis of ambulatory hypertension: algorithm using office and home blood pressures. J Hyper­ tens. 2009;27:1775–1783. 26.	 Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. White coat hypertension and white coat effect. Similarities and differences. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:790–798. 27.	 Ugajin T, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, et al. White-coat hypertension as a risk factor for the development of home hypertension: the Ohasama study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1541–1546. 28.	 Anstey DE, Booth JN 3rd, Abdalla M, et al. Predicted atheroscle­ rotic cardiovascular disease risk and masked hypertension among Blacks in the Jackson Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(7):e003421. 29.	 Shimbo D, Newman JD, Schwartz JE. Masked hypertension and prehyper­ tension: diagnostic overlap and interrelationships with left ventricular mass: the Masked Hypertension Study. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:664–671. 30.	 Sheppard JP, Martin U, Gill P, et al. Prospective external validation of the Predicting Out-of-OFfice Blood Pressure (PROOF-BP) strategy for triaging ambulatory monitoring in the diagnosis and management of hypertension: observational cohort study. BMJ. 2018;361:k2478. 31.	 Bellows BK, Xu J, Sheppard JP, et al. Predicting out-of-office blood pres­ sure in a diverse US population. Am J Hypertens. 2022;35:533–542. 32.	 Walsh S, Choi E, Fang C, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of using borderline high office blood pressure thresholds to diagnose masked hypertension according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline. Am J Hypertens. 2025;38:288–294. 33.	 Muntner P, Abdalla M, Correa A, et al. Hypertension in Blacks: unanswered questions and future directions for the JHS (Jackson Heart Study). Hyper­ tension. 2017;69:761–769. 34.	 Huang JF, Zhang DY, An DW, et al. Efficacy of antihypertensive treatment for target organ protection in patients with masked hypertension (ANTI- MASK): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. EClinicalMedi­ cine. 2024;74:102736. 35.	 Hoshide S, Yano Y, Kanegae H, et al. Effect of lowering home blood pres­ sure on subclinical cardiovascular disease in masked uncontrolled hyper­ tension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2858–2859. 36.	 Abdalla M, Goldsmith J, Muntner P, et al. Is isolated nocturnal hypertension

a reproducible phenotype? Am J Hypertens. 2016;29:33–38.

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