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November 30, 2021 Circulation. 2021;144:e368–e454. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029 e428

CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES 20 Schulman-Marcus J, Hartaigh BO, Gransar H, et al. Sex-specific associa-

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algorithm to rule-out and rule-in acute myocardial infarction using a highsensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. CMAJ. 2015;187:E243–E252. 42 Rubini Gimenez M, Twerenbold R, Jaeger C, et al. One-hour rule-in and rule-

out of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I. Am J Med. 2015;128:861–870, e4. 43.	 Twerenbold R, Neumann JT, Sorensen NA, et al. Prospective validation of the 0/1-h algorithm for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:620–632. 44.	 Than MP, Pickering JW, Aldous SJ, et al. Effectiveness of EDACS versus ADAPT accelerated diagnostic pathways for chest pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial embedded within practice. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68:93–102 e1. 45.	 Than M, Aldous S, Lord SJ, et al. A 2-hour diagnostic protocol for possible cardiac chest pain in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:51–58. 46.	 Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:1289–1367. 47.	 Twerenbold R, Costabel JP, Nestelberger T, et al. Outcome of applying the ESC 0/1-hour algorithm in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:483–494. 48.	 Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, et al. A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:2153–2158. 49.	 Fanaroff AC, Rymer JA, Goldstein SA, et al. Does this patient with chest pain have acute coronary syndrome?: the rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2015;314:1955–1965. 50.	 McCord J, Cabrera R, Lindahl B, et al. Prognostic utility of a modified HEART score in chest pain patients in the emergency department. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10:e003101. 51.	 Bank IEM, de Hoog VC, de Kleijn DPV, et al. Sex-based differences in the performance of the HEART score in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6: e005373. 52.	 Romero-Farina G, Candell-Riera J, Aguade-Bruix S, et al. Warranty periods for normal myocardial perfusion stress SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22:44–54. 53.	 Twerenbold R, Wildi K, Jaeger C, et al. Optimal cutoff levels of more sensitive cardiac troponin assays for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction in patients with renal dysfunction. Circulation. 2015;131: 2041–2050. 54.	 Wildi K, Nelles B, Twerenbold R, et al. Safety and efficacy of the 0 h/3 h protocol for rapid rule out of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2016;181:16–25. 55.	 Zhelev Z, Hyde C, Youngman E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of single baseline

measurement of Elecsys Troponin T high-sensitive assay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in emergency department: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h15.

4.1.1 Low Risk Patients With Acute Chest Pain

1 Bandstein N, Ljung R, Johansson M, et al. Undetectable high-sensitivity car-

diac troponin T level in the emergency department and risk of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2569–2578. 2.	 Chapman AR, Anand A, Boeddinghaus J, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of early rule-out pathways for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2017;135:1586–1596. 3.	 Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68:76–87, e4. 4.	 Reichlin T, Schindler C, Drexler B, et al. One-hour rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:1211–1218. 5.	 Reichlin T, Twerenbold R, Wildi K, et al. Prospective validation of a 1-hour algorithm to rule-out and rule-in acute myocardial infarction using a highsensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. CMAJ. 2015;187:E243–E252. 6.	 Rubini Gimenez M, Hoeller R, Reichlin T, et al. Rapid rule out of acute myocardial infarction using undetectable levels of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:3896–3901. 7.	 Rubini Gimenez M, Twerenbold R, Jaeger C, et al. One-hour rule-in and ruleout of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I. Am J Med. 2015;128:861–870, e4. 8.	 Twerenbold R, Neumann JT, Sorensen NA, et al. Prospective validation of the 0/1-h algorithm for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:620–632. 9.	 Pickering JW, Than MP, Cullen L, et al. Rapid rule-out of acute myocardial

infarction with a single high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement be-

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