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Arnett et al 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation. 2019;140:e596–e646. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 September 10, 2019 e629 CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

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4 OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

4.1 Obesity and Being Overweight

S4.1-1.	 LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Draft evidence review

for weight loss to prevent obesity-related morbidity and mortality in adults: behavioral interventions. Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research: Portland, OR; 2018. AHRQ Publication No. 18-05239-EF-1. Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review/obesity-in-adultsinterventions1. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.1-2.	 Ma C, Avenell A, Bolland M, et al. Effects of weight loss interven-

tions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017; 359:j4849. S4.1-3.	 Canoy D, Cairns BJ, Balkwill A, et al. Coronary heart disease incidence in women by waist circumference within categories of body mass index. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013;20:759–62. S4.1-4.	 Warren TY, Wilcox S, Dowda M, et al. Independent association of waist circumference with hypertension and diabetes in African American women, South Carolina, 2007–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E105. S4.1-5.	 Czernichow S, Kengne A-P, Stamatakis E, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: which is the better discriminator of cardiovascular disease mortality risk?: evidence from an individual-participant meta-analysis of 82 864 participants from nine cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12:680–7. S4.1-6.	 Flint AJ, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective study among men and women. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010;4:e171–81. S4.1-7.	 American Heart Association. Extreme Obesity, And What You Can Do. Available at: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthyeating/losing-weight/extreme-obesity-and-what-you-can-do. Accessed January 5, 2019. S4.1-8.	 Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017:1–8. S4.1-9.	 Asad Z, Abbas M, Javed I, et al. Obesity is associated with incident atrial fibrillation independent of gender: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2018;29:725–32. S4.1-10.	 Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129:S102–38. S4.1-11.	 Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311:74–86. S4.1-12.	 Golzarand M, Toolabi K, Farid R. The bariatric surgery and weight losing: a meta-analysis in the long- and very long-term effects of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss in adults. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:4331–45. S4.1-13.	 Newman AB, Lee JS, Visser M, et al. Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:872–8; quiz 915–6. S4.1-14.	 Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1011–29. S4.1-15.	 Miller SL, Wolfe RR. The danger of weight loss in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:487–91. S4.1-16.	 Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403. S4.1-17.	 Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145–54. S4.1-18.	 McTigue KM, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al. Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139: 933–49. S4.1-19.	 Stegenga H, Haines A, Jones K, et al. Identification, assessment, and management of overweight and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g6608. S4.1-20.	 WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–63. S4.1-21.	 Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, et al. Prevalence of central obesity among

adults with normal BMI and its association with metabolic diseases in northeast China. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0160402.

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