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June 18/25, 2019 Circulation. 2019;139:e1082–e1143. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625 e1136

CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.5.4-3.	 Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and car-

diovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1395–407. S4.5.4-4.	 Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:238–48. S4.5.4-5.	 Tonelli M, Muntner P, Lloyd A, et al. Risk of coronary events in people with chronic kidney disease compared with those with diabetes: a population-level cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380:807–14. S4.5.4-6.	 Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2073–81. S4.5.4-7.	 Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, et al. Effects of fosinopril and

pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation. 2004;110:2809–16.

4.5.5 Adults With Chronic Inflammatory Disorders and HIV

S4.5.5-1.	 Mantel A, Holmqvist M, Jernberg T, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a more severe presentation of acute coronary syndrome and worse short-term outcome. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3413–22. S4.5.5-2.	 Douglas KM, Pace AV, Treharne GJ, et al. Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:348–53. S4.5.5-3.	 Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:929–34. S4.5.5-4.	 Avina-Zubieta JA, Choi HK, Sadatsafavi M, et al. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1690–7. S4.5.5-5.	 Wajed J, Ahmad Y, Durrington PN, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus–proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43:7–12. S4.5.5-6.	 Westerweel PE, Luyten RK, Koomans HA, et al. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:1384–96. S4.5.5-7.	 Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, et al. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1000–6. S4.5.5-8.	 Hanna DB, Ramaswamy C, Kaplan RC, et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease Mortality among persons with HIV in New York City, 2001–2012 Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1122–9. S4.5.5-9.	 Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, et al. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2506–12. S4.5.5-10.	Kearns A, Gordon J, Burdo TH, et al. HIV-1-associated atherosclerosis: unraveling the missing link. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:3084–98. S4.5.5-11.	Dregan A, Chowienczyk P, Molokhia M. Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes morbidity and all-cause mortality among diverse chronic inflammatory disorders. Heart. 2017;103:1867–73. S4.5.5-12.	Fernandez-Montero JV, Barreiro P, de Mendoza C, et al. Hepatitis C virus coinfection independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients. J Viral Hepat. 2016;23:47–52. S4.5.5-13.	Bartels CM, Kind AJ, Everett C, et al. Low frequency of primary lipid screening among medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1221–30. S4.5.5-14.	Toms TE, Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, et al. Statin use in rheumatoid arthritis in relation to actual cardiovascular risk: evidence for substantial undertreatment of lipid-associated cardiovascular risk? Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:683–8. S4.5.5-15.	Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1993–2003. S4.5.5-16.	Feinstein MJ, Nance RM, Drozd DR, et al. Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:155–62. S4.5.5-17.	Arts EE, Popa C, Den Broeder AA, et al. Performance of four current

risk algorithms in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:668–74. S4.5.5-18.	Mulligan K, Grunfeld C, Tai VW, et al. Hyperlipidemia and insu-

lin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;23:35–43. S4.5.5-19.	Ledergerber B, Furrer H, Rickenbach M, et al. Factors associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45: 111–9. S4.5.5-20.	Davis JM 3rd, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, et al. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a populationbased cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:820–30. S4.5.5-21.	Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, et al. Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:482–7. S4.5.5-22.	Ronda N, Favari E, Borghi MO, et al. Impaired serum cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:609–15. S4.5.5-23.	Navarro-Millan I, Charles-Schoeman C, Yang S, et al. Changes in

lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:1430–8.

5 STATIN SAFETY AND STATIN-

ASSOCIATED SIDE EFFECTS

S5-1.	Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013:CD004816. S5-2.	Martin SS, Sperling LS, Blaha MJ, et al. Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1361–8. S5-3.	Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation. 2013;127:96–103. S5-4.	Gupta A, Thompson D, Whitehouse A, et al. Adverse events associated with unblinded, but not with blinded, statin therapy in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial and its non-randomised non-blind extension phase. Lancet. 2017;389:2473–81. S5-5.	Nissen SE, Stroes E, Dent-Acosta RE, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of evolocumab vs ezetimibe in patients with muscle-related statin intolerance: the GAUSS-3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:1580–90. S5-6.	Moriarty PM, Thompson PD, Cannon CP, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: The ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9:758–69. S5-7.	Joy TR, Monjed A, Zou GY, et al. N-of-1 (single-patient) trials for statin-related myalgia. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:301–10. S5-8.	Ridker PM, Pradhan A, MacFadyen JG, et al. Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2012;380:565–71. S5-9.	Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;305:2556–64. S5-10.	Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375:735–42. S5-11.	Navarese EP, Buffon A, Andreotti F, et al. Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1123–30. S5-12.	Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403. S5-13.	Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy European—Atherosclerosis Society consensus panel statement on assessment, aetiology and management. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1012–22. S5-14.	Thompson PD, Panza G, Zaleski A, et al. Statin-associated side

effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2395–410.

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