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Circulation. 2019;139:e1082–e1143. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625 June 18/25, 2019 e1135 CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES

in 13 054 patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2017:136;e450. S4.5.1-35.	Birmingham BK, Bujac SR, Elsby R, et al. Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in Caucasian and Asian subjects residing in the United States. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:329–40. S4.5.1-36.	Lee E, Ryan S, Birmingham B, et al. Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in white and Asian subjects residing in the same environment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78:330–41. S4.5.1-37.	Liao JK. Safety and efficacy of statins in Asians. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:410–4. S4.5.1-38.	Lloret R, Ycas J, Stein M, et al. Comparison of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in Hispanic-Americans with hypercholesterolemia (from the STARSHIP trial) Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:768–73. S4.5.1-39.	George MD, McGill NK, Baker JF. Creatine kinase in the US popula-

tion: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e4344.

4.5.2 Hypertriglyceridemia

S4.5.2-1.	 Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S1–45. S4.5.2-2.	 Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:213–9. S4.5.2-3.	 Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. Jama. 2007;298:299–308. S4.5.2-4.	 Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. Jama. 2008;300:2142–52. S4.5.2-5.	 Karlson BW, Palmer MK, Nicholls SJ, et al. A VOYAGER meta-analysis of the impact of statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117:1444–8. S4.5.2-6.	 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C, Mihaylova B, Emberson J, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;380:581–90. S4.5.2-7.	 Christian JB, Arondekar B, Buysman EK, et al. Clinical and economic benefits observed when follow-up triglyceride levels are less than 500 mg/dL in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6:450–61. S4.5.2-8.	 Duane WC, Hunninghake DB, Freeman ML, et al. Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, lowers cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile. Hepatology. 1988;8: 1147–50. S4.5.2-9.	 Rhodes KS, Weintraub M, Marchlewicz EH, et al. Medical nutrition therapy is the essential cornerstone for effective treatment of ‘refractory’ severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of pharmaceutical treatment: evidence from a lipid management program. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9:559–67. S4.5.2-10.	Greenberg BH, Blackwelder WC, Levy RI. Primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia. A descriptive study in 32 families. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87:526–34. S4.5.2-11.	Steiner G, Adelman AG, Silver MD. Early coronary atherosclerosis in primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Can Med Assoc J. 1971;105:1172–4. S4.5.2-12.	Neil HA, Cooper J, Betteridge DJ, et al. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in treated patients with severe hypertriglyceridaemia: a long-term prospective registry study. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:618–23. S4.5.2-13.	Christian JB, Arondekar B, Buysman EK, et al. Determining triglyceride reductions needed for clinical impact in severe hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Med. 2014;127:36–44 e1. S4.5.2-14.	Chait A, Brunzell JD. Severe hypertriglyceridemia: role of familial and acquired disorders. Metabolism. 1983;32:209–14. S4.5.2-15.	Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid

ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial) Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:682–90. S4.5.2-16.	Wiggins BS, Saseen JJ, Page RL 2nd, et al. Recommendations for

management of clinically significant drug-drug interactions with statins and select agents used in patients with cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e468–95. S4.5.2-17.	Basar R, Uzum AK, Canbaz B, et al. Therapeutic apheresis for

severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287:839–43.

4.5.3 Issues Specific to Women

S4.5.3-1.	 Ouyang P, Wenger NK, Taylor D, et al. Strategies and methods to study female-specific cardiovascular health and disease: a guide for clinical scientists. Biol Sex Differ. 2016;7:19. S4.5.3-2.	 Grandi SM, Vallee-Pouliot K, Reynier P, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017;31:412–21. S4.5.3-3.	 Shostrom DCV, Sun Y, Oleson JJ, et al. History of gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors in US women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:144. S4.5.3-4.	 Catov JM, Newman AB, Roberts JM, et al. Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiology. 2007;18:733–9. S4.5.3-5.	 Muka T, Oliver-Williams C, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:767–76. S4.5.3-6.	 Roeters van Lennep JE, Heida KY, Bots ML, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23:178–86. S4.5.3-7.	 Edison RJ, Muenke M. Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1579–82. S4.5.3-8.	 Ofori B, Rey E, Berard A. Risk of congenital anomalies in pregnant users of statin drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64:496–509. S4.5.3-9.	 Taguchi N, Rubin ET, Hosokawa A, et al. Prenatal exposure to HMG- CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Reprod Toxicol. 2008;26:175–7. S4.5.3-10.	Winterfeld U, Allignol A, Panchaud A, et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to statins: a multicentre prospective study. BJOG. 2013;120:463–71. S4.5.3-11.	Zarek J, Koren G. The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36:506–9. S4.5.3-12.	McGrogan A, Snowball J, Charlton RA. Statins during pregnancy: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database to investigate pregnancy loss. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26:843–52. S4.5.3-13.	Fulcher J, O’Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDLlowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174 000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;385:1397–405. S4.5.3–14.	Ley SH, Li Y, Tobias DK, et al. Duration of reproductive life span, age at menarche, and age at menopause are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in women. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6;e006713. S4.5.3-15.	Costantine MM, Cleary K, Hebert MF, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin used for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:720.e1–e17. S4.5.3-16.	Toleikyte I, Retterstol K, Leren TP, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in familial hypercholesterolemia: a registry-based study. Circulation. 2011;124:1606–14. S4.5.3-17.	Sanderson SL, Iverius PH, Wilson DE. Successful hyperlipemic preg-

nancy. JAMA. 1991;265:1858–60.

4.5.4 Adults With CKD

S4.5.4-1.	 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration, Herrington W, Emberson J, et al. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:829–39. S4.5.4-2.	 Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL

cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2181–92.

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