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June 18/25, 2019 Circulation. 2019;139:e1082–e1143. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625 e1134

CLINICAL STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES S4.4.4.3-38.	 Berenson GS. Childhood risk factors predict adult risk associated

with subclinical cardiovascular disease. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:3L–7L. S4.4.4.3-39.	 Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Venn A, et al. Influence of age on associations between childhood risk factors and carotid intimamedia thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Bogalusa Heart Study, and the Muscatine Study for the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. Circulation. 2010;122:2514–20. S4.4.4.3-40.	 Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JS, et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Pediatr. 2011;159:584–90. S4.4.4.3-41.	 Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics 2011;128 suppl 5: S213–56. S4.4.4.3-42.	 Gidding SS, Daniels SR, Kavey RE, et al. Developing the 2011

integrated pediatric guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e1311–9.

4.5 Other Populations at Risk

4.5.1 Ethnicity

S4.5.1-1.	 Carnethon MR, Pu J, Howard G, et al. Cardiovascular health in African Americans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;136:e393–423. S4.5.1-2.	 Gujral UP, Vittinghoff E, Mongraw-Chaffin M, et al. Cardiometabolic abnormalities among normal-weight persons from five racial/ethnic groups in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:628–36. S4.5.1-3.	 Rao G, Powell-Wiley TM, Ancheta I, et al. Identification of obesity and cardiovascular risk in ethnically and racially diverse populations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132:457–72. S4.5.1-4.	 Hata J, Kiyohara Y. Epidemiology of stroke and coronary artery disease in Asia. Circ J. 2013;77:1923–32. S4.5.1-5.	 Group H-TC. HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:1279–91. S4.5.1-6.	 Feinstein MJ, Nance RM, Drozd DR, et al. Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:155–62. S4.5.1-7.	 Daviglus ML, Pirzada A, Talavera GA. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Hispanic/Latino population: lessons from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;57:230–6. S4.5.1-8.	 Daviglus ML, Pirzada A, Durazo-Arvizu R, et al. Prevalence of low cardiovascular risk profile among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States by age, sex, and level of tacculturation: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003929. S4.5.1-9.	 Gonzalez HM, Tarraf W, Rodriguez CJ, et al. Cardiovascular health among diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) results. Am Heart J. 2016;176:134–44. S4.5.1-10.	 Qureshi WT, Kaplan RC, Swett K, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Class I guidelines for the treatment of cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk: implications for US Hispanics/ Latinos based on findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) J Am Heart Assoc 2017:6; e005045. S4.5.1-11.	 Schneiderman N, Chirinos DA, Aviles-Santa ML, et al. Challenges

in preventing heart disease in hispanics: early lessons learned from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/ SOL) Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;57:253–61. S4.5.1-12.	Hutchinson RN, Shin S. Systematic review of health disparities for

cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among American Indian and Alaska Native populations. PLoS One. 2014:9;e80973. S4.5.1-13.	Volgman AS, Palaniappan LS, Aggarwal NT, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e1–34. S4.5.1-14.	Conomos MP, Laurie CA, Stilp AM, et al. Genetic diversity and association studies in US Hispanic/Latino populations: applications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;98:165–84. S4.5.1-15.	Frank AT, Zhao B, Jose PO, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in dyslipidemia patterns. Circulation. 2014;129:570–9. S4.5.1-16.	Pu J, Romanelli R, Zhao B, et al. Dyslipidemia in special ethnic populations. Cardiol Clin. 2015;33:325–33. S4.5.1-17.	Basu S, Hong A, Siddiqi A. Using decomposition analysis to identify modifiable racial disparities in the distribution of blood pressure in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182:345–53. S4.5.1-18.	Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G. Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome based on a harmonious definition among adults in the US. J Diabetes. 2010;2:180–93. S4.5.1-19.	Gujral UP, Pradeepa R, Weber MB, et al. Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:51–63. S4.5.1-20.	Ma RC, Chan JC. Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1281:64–91. S4.5.1-21.	Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, et al. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988–2012 JAMA. 2015;314:1021–9. S4.5.1-22.	DeFilippis AP, Young R, McEvoy JW, et al. Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:598–608. S4.5.1-23.	Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:S49–73. S4.5.1-24.	Muntner P, Colantonio LD, Cushman M, et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations. JAMA. 2014;311:1406–15. S4.5.1-25.	Rana JS, Tabada GH, Solomon MD, et al. Accuracy of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk equation in a large contemporary, multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2118–30. S4.5.1–26.	Kandula NR, Kanaya AM, Liu K, et al. Association of 10-year and lifetime predicted cardiovascular disease risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians: findings from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014:3;e001117. S4.5.1-27.	Alluri K, McEvoy JW, Dardari ZA, et al. Distribution and burden of newly detected coronary artery calcium: results from the Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2015;9:337–344.e1. S4.5.1–28.	Cho YK, Jung CH, Kang YM, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline versus 2004 NCEP ATP III guideline in the prediction of coronary artery calcification progression in a Korean Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e003410. S4.5.1-29.	Manolio TA, Arnold AM, Post W, et al. Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:132–8. S4.5.1-30.	Osawa K, Nakanishi R, Budoff M. Coronary artery calcification. Glob Heart. 2016;11:287–93. S4.5.1-31.	Kanaya AM, Kandula NR, Ewing SK, et al. Comparing coronary artery calcium among US South Asians with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234:102–7. S4.5.1-32.	Greenland P, Blaha MJ, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:434–47. S4.5.1-33.	Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Itakura H, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1155–63. S4.5.1-34.	Kimura T, Inoue T, Taguchi I, et al. Does high-intensity pitavastatin

therapy further improve clinical outcomes? The REAL-CAD study

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